appearance vs reality Essay - 713 Words

Appearance vs. Reality nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Things are not always as they appear. You may think someone is a certain way because of how they dress and carry themselves this is called stereotyping. Many people stereotype without even noticing that they are doing it. Everyone has his or her right to first impressions, but stereotyping is wrong. There are many examples of this topic in literature as well as in our society today. The main population accused of stereotyping is teenagers; they are seen as rude and judgmental. For example, in high school the people are divided into groups by how they dress and whom they hang out with. There are the skaters, freaks, preps, snobs, cheerleaders, jocks and nerds. No one person set up†¦show more content†¦An example of this is the play â€Å"Cyrano de Bergerac†. In the play Cyrano is in love with his cousin Roxane, but no body thinks that she will like him because he has a huge nose. They all judge him on his appearance and forget all about his well-rounded personality. So, he writes poetry and puts someone else’s name on it, at the end when Roxane finds out, she falls in love with him. That goes to show that appearance is not everything, regardless of what some may think. Stereotyping is also shown in a recent movie put out by Disney, called â€Å"You Wish†. This boy wants to be popular and cool, but his friends know that it does not ma tter. He wishes his brother out of his life and everything changes, he becomes the star football player and his friends are different. When he tries to talk to the old ones, they are rude to him because they think he is just a conceited jock. In the end when he gets his old life back he learns to accept himself and love what he does have. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Finally, places and hangouts are also stereotyped. It may not seem that it matters to stereotype a nonliving thing, but it does. The different hangouts are said to be for different â€Å"groups†. For example, the preps are usually at the movies, the snobs at the mall, the skaters on the streets, etc. This is not right, because there is not onlyShow MoreRelatedEssay on Appearance Vs. Reality961 Words   |  4 Pages One of the characteristics of Realism, in American literature at least, is the ironic use of perceptions of â€Å"appearance† vs. â€Å"reality.† With this in mind, Henry James’s â€Å"The Real Thing† and â€Å"The Beast in the Jungle† are two works wherein such characteristics can be shown to operate as James employs cleverly woven twists of â€Å"appearance† and â€Å"reality† in each of the plots. In James’s â€Å"The Real Thing,† the plot is centered on an unnamed artist and his interactions with two sets of models: the MonarchsRead MoreMacbeth Appearance vs Reality1046 Words   |  5 PagesAppearance vs. Reality The role of deception and the motif of appearance and reality had a large role in Shakespeare’s play, Macbeth. The motif of appearance and reality is first introduced by Shakespeare early on in the play when Macbeth must cover up for the murder of Duncan. This motif of appearance versus reality, or deception, appears again when Macbeth fools the murderers that killed Banquo. Macbeth tricks the murderer’s into believing it was Banquo’s fault that they led such miserableRead MoreMacbeth - Appearance vs. Reality1537 Words   |  7 PagesAppearance vs. Reality – Macbeth: Commentary Macbeth is a play written by William Shakespeare, which focuses on the life of Macbeth. Out of the four Shakespearean play categories, it is categorized as a tragedy, as the events of the play ultimately lead to the downfall of the protagonist, Macbeth. The theme of appearance versus reality is constantly repeated throughout the play, as it greatly contributes to the development of the plot. The idea is constantly conveyed by the characters using a pleasantRead MoreAppearance vs. Reality in Hamlet1000 Words   |  4 PagesThere is a general understanding that appearances can be deceiving. This is one of the most fundamental questions in philosophy, appearance vs. reality. When we meet people and get to know them throughout our lives, we soon discover that there is a genuine side to everyone behind the appearance they show. In the play Hamlet, by William Shakespeare, the characters Polonius, Rosencrantz, Guildenstern, and Claudius use appearance vs. reality to manipulate and deceive , which ultimately leads to theirRead MoreAppearance Vs. Reality Of Macbeth Essay1612 Words   |  7 PagesSteven Hua Ms. Amato ENG2D 08 December, 2016 Appearance vs. Reality In Macbeth Things are not always as they seem to be, people are often deceived to believe something different than it’s true meaning. Instead of knowing the reality of a situation, people’s thoughts are sometimes shifted to see only what they appear, leaving them blindsided to the real truth behind whats really going on. Appearance versus Reality is first seen when king Duncan misjudges Macbeth’s intentions and is blindsided toRead MoreMacbeth: Appearance vs Reality977 Words   |  4 PagesMacbeth: Appearance vs Reality Brooke Soper The way people act on the outside and who they really are on the inside may be two totally different things. Some may change because they feel they don t fit in. Others pretend to be something they truly aren t. No matter which way you look at it, if you try to act like someone your not, the truth will always appear in the end. That is exactly what happened in William Shakespeare s play, MacBeth. Banquo, MacBeth, and Lady MacBeth each projectRead More Appearance vs Reality Essay453 Words   |  2 PagesAppearance vs Reality One normally disguises in order to be someone else, whether this be in a costume during Halloween, or as a character in a play or movie. Shakespeare uses the idea of disguise in his ‘Taming of the Shrew’ The minor theme of the play is appearance vs reality. Throughout the drama, things are never really as they seem. Katherine appears to be a real shrew, but it is all a cover-up for the hurt she feels. Bianca appears to be a self-sacrificing angelRead MoreThe Judgement Of Appearance Vs Reality1561 Words   |  7 PagesThe Judgement of Appearance VS Reality â€Å" I am not Abnegation. I am not Dauntless. I am Divergent† (Roth 442). This quotation display a certain substance people all need understand about the interior of themselves in life; people are more than one thing, one personality, and one judgement, individuals are all divergent. Divergent is a powerful word, which means that people are all different from what the world may want them to be or how they are portrayed as to the rest of the world. Divergent meansRead MoreMacbeth Appearance Vs Reality1245 Words   |  5 PagesExploration of Appearance and Reality in Macbeth As Plato famously said in Phaedrus, â€Å"Things are not always as they seem†, meaning that not everything is what it appears to be. In today’s society, many politicians appear trustworthy and are in reality crooked. Photoshop also manipulates appearance and reality. In literature, authors use appearance versus reality to create an interesting plot or characterize. In William Shakespeare’s tragedy, Macbeth, the theme of appearance versus reality is seen frequentlyRead MoreAPPEARANCE vs. REALITY IN THE PRINCE AND HAMLET1614 Words   |  7 Pages3. Reality and appearances, or if you prefer, being and acting, are important themes for both Machiavelli and Shakespeare. Why? How do their perspectives on this subject agree or differ? APPEARANCE vs. REALITY IN THE PRINCE AND HAMLET One of the most fundamental questions in philosophy is the appearance vs. reality. We find ourselves asking the question of what is genuinely real, and what is viewed merely as just an appearance, and not real? It becomes difficult when we assume there is

Teen Pregnancy Education Over Abstinence - 3277 Words

Rockwell 12 Erin Rockwell English IV Mrs. Rasmussen 3 October, 2014 Teen Pregnancy: Education over Abstinence Many parents dread the day they see their teenage children having children of their own. The teens are not to blame for having sex without protection. They should not have been made to take virginity pledges in their past, because they do not work. The boyfriend should not be arrested just because he happens to be a couple years older than his girlfriend. Instead of hypothesizing ill-formed theories that teens do not know how to make decisions about sex, educate them on it. Girls should not be forced to have their virginity protected for them; it is their choice. Even though abstinence has been proven to prevent teenage pregnancy, virginity pledges have conflicting results of success –proving that consensual sex among teens is natural and should not be treated as a crime based on age, and that the solution is to teach teens of the risks involved. Abstinence Prevents Pregnancy There is no better way to protect from pregnancy than abstinence –which is 100% effective. Although this is true, according to the article Abstinence is the Best Policy in Preventing Teen Pregnancy written in July 2012, there are about 750,000 pregnant teenagers each year (Watkins np). This number includes all miscarriages, abortions, and children that will be given up for adoption, so there are not necessarily that many births from teens each year. No matter how it can be lookedShow MoreRelatedTeen Pregnancy Essay1426 Words   |  6 Pagesrecent decades, the debated over what is going to help reduce the alarmingly high rate of teen pregnancies has not ceased. Many argue over whether abstinence-only should be taught in high school and if it is the key to reducing the high teen pregnancy rate. From my standpoint, I believe that it should be taught. However, it should be accompanied by the teachings of birth control along with other contraceptiv es and how to use them. The fact of the matter is that teen pregnancies continue to be a prevalentRead MoreTeen Pregnancy Rates By Jacqueline Sedgwick s Article, American Adolescents And Emergency Contraceptive Pill Access843 Words   |  4 Pagesin America’s society today is teen pregnancy rates. In fact, â€Å"teen sexual activity, pregnancy, and childbearing are associated with substantial social, economic, and health costs† (Sedgwick). However, this problem is not one without a solution. The rise of teen pregnancy rates can be prevented and reversed by providing better access to birth control for teens, eliminating the negative connotation that accompanies abstinence, and implementing more efficient sex education in public schools. One solutionRead MoreTeen Pregnancy Should Be Pregnant Before The Age Of Twenty1504 Words   |  7 Pagesthe highest teen birth rate in the world, every year the United States experiences 610,000 teen pregnancies (Bleakly 2006). The figures show that three in ten adolescent girls will become pregnant before the age of twenty. People ages 15-24 represent 25 eighteen 70 percent of United States females, and 62 percent of males have had sex. About 3.2 million adolescent females are infected with the most common STI’s, such as chlamydia and gonorrhea (Bleakly 2006). The likelihood of teens having sex increasesRead MoreAbstinence Only Programs For Public Schools1383 Words   |  6 Pagesadvocatesforyouth.org, â€Å"abstinence only education teaches students to abstain from sex prior to marriage.† These program has been proven to be ineffective. Abstinence only education is ineffective because it is not conducive in reducing teen pregnancy rates and sexually transmitted d iseases rates. Abstinence only programs are less likely to teach students about birth control and contraception and how to access it. These programs has not been shown to reduce teen sexual activity. Abstinence only programs becameRead MoreSex Education Is An Important, Emotional And Controversial1645 Words   |  7 PagesSex education is an important, emotional and controversial topic to teach youth in today’s world. The question is, what is the best information, and the best way to teach them? Comprehensive sex education is teaching teens how to practice safe sex, providing teens with types of protection, and how to use it, as well as services and resources available to help them in making decisions to practice safe sex. Abstinence-only programs teach teens to not have sex, or anything â€Å"arousing† until marriageRead MoreEssay on Abstinence Education1010 Words   |  5 Pagesdiseases and teen pregnancies of any industrialized nation that put young teenagers at risks. It is estimate that 20,000 new cases of sexually transmitted diseases reported each year comes from people under the age of 25 and 82 percent of all teen pregnancies are accidents that account fo r one-fifth of all unintended pregnancies annually (CDC 2006). As a result, the government needs to stop funding and promoting abstinence only programs and start focusing on comprehensive sex education. ComprehensiveRead MoreThe Most Effective Method Of Sex Education1239 Words   |  5 Pagesof Sex Education â€Æ' INTRODUCTION Sex is a touchy subject and administrators all over the country have spent years trying to figure out the best way to teach their minors about it. Sex education in America is crucial because we are known for our high rates of pregnancies and sexually transmitted infections among teenagers. However, things like religion, morals, and rights are factors that have swayed the education system making it harder to determine the â€Å"right† way to teach sex education. There areRead MoreSex Education And Sexual Education948 Words   |  4 Pagesout of 1,000 teen females gave birth which it the lowest since 1946. The reason behind this decline is comprehensive sex education taught in schools. One the other hand, the opponents believe that the reason for this decline is the sex education classes that teach about not having sex. Even when most schools are teaching abstinences only sex education about sixty-six percent of high school students says they are sexually active. Which conclude s that the abstinences only sex education is not workingRead MoreComprehensive Ignorance1553 Words   |  7 PagesCurrently, there is no national standard regarding sexual education in America. Soaring sexually transmitted infection (STI) rates are occurring at a national level – there are approximately nine million new occurrences of STIs in the United States each year among teenagers and young adults alone (Alan Guttmacher Institute 2011). Consequently, the United States continues to have one of the highest teen pregnancy rates in the developed world—more than twice as in Canada (Alan Guttmacher InstituteRead MoreThe System Of Sex Education Essay1034 Words   |  5 PagesSystem of Sex Education Abstinence education should be a part of sex education in schools because it is the best way to avoid the risks of unsafe sex. Children are only taught how to have sex, and they believe the pullout method is effective. Some children are not ready for sex, but they do it anyway because they are not told to wait. Abstinence should be taught as part of sex education because sexual transmitted disease, teen pregnancy, and abortion rates would decrease. Sex education in schools

The Advantages and Disadvantages of City Life free essay sample

The advantages and disadvantages of city life Thesis Advantages -A city no doubt offers many tempting comforts and conveniences, pleasures and pass times, openings and opportunities, and that is why people from the country-side are pouring into it in thousands. In a city, there are schools, colleges, business houses and technical institutes, hospitals, charitable institutions, hospitals, cinemas, play grounds, stadiums, parks, gardens and easy means of transport and communication. If we have sufficient money, we can have the best food and clothing, the best accommodation, the best education, the best of medical treatment and the best of entertainment. Disadvantages Even though the city life has its advantages, city life is far from being all good. The city is overpopulated, polluted, noisy, contaminated, filthy and smoky. The life can be disrupted by pollution, noise, corruptions and crime. City living can be very rushed and worried. Also in the city money is admired and money is indeed the core of all evils. We will write a custom essay sample on The Advantages and Disadvantages of City Life or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The city with its insane pursuit for money and pleasures. It doesn’t accommodate the best environment for everyone; considering the development of the young. Some of the young residents fall into bad crowds, in a busy environment it’s easier to be introduced to smoking, drinking, gambling, drug taking etc. These conditions of a city life can pose a great threat to social harmony and advancements. A society that’s filled with crime and violence can make it difficult for some to grow and be successful. In the city it’s easier to be surrounded by all these corruptions than in the mild and calm country life.

The Shawshank Redemption Short Story Comparison Of The Film Essay Example For Students

The Shawshank Redemption Short Story Comparison Of The Film Essay The Shawshank Redemption by Stephen King is both a wonderful film and a brilliantly written short story. There are many themes represented in each form of The Shawshank Redemption. The one major theme that interests me in both the film and the story is freedom. Freedom serves a large purpose for both the storys writer and the filmmaker. Both use similar examples to signify freedom, not only in the jail, but also in a larger context about life. There are many events and examples in both the film and the short story that signifies the theme of freedom. The one main difference is when the film uses the director’s technique to portray a feel of freedom for the inmates. The overall three issues used in this essay are all linked to the feeling of the inmates feeling the sense of freedom with the prison walls. We will write a custom essay on The Shawshank Redemption Short Story Comparison Of The Film specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now In both the film and the short story, which involves freedom is when Andy Dufresne approaches the narrator, Red. Andy asks Red, I wonder if you could get me a rock-hammer.(28) Andys reason for wanting a rock-hammer is because he was a rockhound. At least I was a rockhound. In my old life.(29) Andy states that he would like to be a rockhound again on a limited basis because it gives him the feeling of freedom. This example serves the purposes of both the storys writer and the filmmaker. The act of Andy Dufresne being able to go on Sunday expeditions(29) at Shawshank shows the reader and/or viewer that it will make him feel free, like when he collected rocks in his old life (life before prison). On a larger level, this event could be interpreted as a lesson to not give up your freedom. Even though something bad happens to you, you should not become secluded and be depressed all of the time. Andy shows the reader that you must get busy living or get busy dying(movie) or you will loose y our inner freedom. The other theme of freedom comes in both the film and the story, when Andy Dufresne got beer for all of the crew that tarred the prisons roof. In this example, even Red stated that the break lasted twenty minutes, the beer-break, and for those twenty minutes we felt like free men.(48) Red recalls that the crew felt such freedom that they could have been drinking beer and tarring the roof of one of our own houses.(48) This example serves the purposes of both the storys writer and the filmmaker because it shows the reader and/or viewer that this event happened because Andy wanted himself and his co-workers to feel freedom. This event occurred because he made business dealings with the hardest screw that ever walked a turn at the Shawshank State Prison (48). Andy was always known to have something different to him, a sense of his own worth, maybe, or a feeling that he would be the winner in the end or maybe it was only a sense of freedom(48) which Andy could even man age to possess inside the prison. Andy always carried an inner light(48) inside of him, an inner light that burned for the dream of freedom. Andy got the beer for all his crew because he wanted the crew to have a sense of freedom also. The director’s technique that is used in the film but did not occur in theshort story was when Andy Dufresne got access of the prisons loudspeaker and played a brief amount of classical music. In the short amount of time the music played, silence overcame the prison. Red stated that even though the music had not lasted long, every con in the prison felt free, even if it was just for a moment. This example serves the purposes of both the storys writer and the filmmaker because it shows the reader/viewer that the music gave the cons in the prison a sense of freedom, even if it was just for a fleeting moment. In conclusion, I believe that one major theme that is of great importance throughout both the film and the short story is freedom. Freedom s erves a large purpose for both the story’s writer and the filmmaker. Even though the majority of the examples are the same in both forms, the example that is different still holds a similar interpretation and lesson about not only prison but also the larger context of life. The director’s technique to portray the same theme was a good idea for the film, proving to the viewer the theme of freedom still is maintained in the film. .ud31227c12e920bcef8b06d11ec11f473 , .ud31227c12e920bcef8b06d11ec11f473 .postImageUrl , .ud31227c12e920bcef8b06d11ec11f473 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud31227c12e920bcef8b06d11ec11f473 , .ud31227c12e920bcef8b06d11ec11f473:hover , .ud31227c12e920bcef8b06d11ec11f473:visited , .ud31227c12e920bcef8b06d11ec11f473:active { border:0!important; } .ud31227c12e920bcef8b06d11ec11f473 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud31227c12e920bcef8b06d11ec11f473 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud31227c12e920bcef8b06d11ec11f473:active , .ud31227c12e920bcef8b06d11ec11f473:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud31227c12e920bcef8b06d11ec11f473 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud31227c12e920bcef8b06d11ec11f473 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud31227c12e920bcef8b06d11ec11f473 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud31227c12e920bcef8b06d11ec11f473 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud31227c12e920bcef8b06d11ec11f473:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud31227c12e920bcef8b06d11ec11f473 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud31227c12e920bcef8b06d11ec11f473 .ud31227c12e920bcef8b06d11ec11f473-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud31227c12e920bcef8b06d11ec11f473:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: A Modest Proposal: A Different Version EssayBibliographyBOOK â€Å"The Shawshank Redemption†Stephan King, The Shawshank RedemptionUnited States, The Ballantine Publishing Group, 1982MOVIE â€Å"The Shawshank Redemption†Director: Frank Darabont, Screenplay: Based on The Shawshank Redemption by Stephen King, Released by Columbia Pictures, Date Released: 9/23/94 (limited), Running Length: 2:22Films and Cinema

Amerigo Vespucci, Italian Explorer and Cartographer

Amerigo Vespucci, Italian Explorer and Cartographer Amerigo Vespucci (March 9, 1454–February 22, 1512) was an Italian explorer and cartographer. In the early 16th century, he showed that the New World was not part of Asia but was, in fact, its own distinct area. The Americas take their name from the Latin form of Amerigo. Fast Facts: Amerigo Vespucci Known For: Vespuccis expeditions led him to the realization that the New World was distinct from Asia; the Americas were named after him.Born: March 9, 1454 in Florence, ItalyParents: Ser Nastagio Vespucci and Lisabetta MiniDied: February 22, 1512 in Seville, SpainSpouse: Maria Cerezo Early Life Amerigo Vespucci was born on March 9, 1454, to a prominent family in Florence, Italy. As a young man, he read widely and collected books and maps. He eventually began working for local bankers and was sent to Spain in 1492 to look after his employers business interests. While he was in Spain, Vespucci had the chance to meet Christopher Columbus, who had just returned from his voyage to America; the meeting increased Vespuccis interest in taking a journey across the Atlantic. He soon began working on ships, and he went on his first expedition in 1497. The Spanish ships passed through the West Indies, reached South America, and returned to Spain the following year. In 1499, Vespucci went on his second voyage, this time as an official navigator. The expedition reached the mouth of the Amazon River and explored the coast of South America. Vespucci was able to calculate how far west he had traveled by observing the conjunction of Mars and the Moon. The New World On his third voyage in 1501, Vespucci sailed under the Portuguese flag. After leaving Lisbon, it took Vespucci 64 days to cross the Atlantic Ocean due to light winds. His ships followed the South American coast to within 400 miles of the southern tip, Tierra del Fuego. Along the way, the Portuguese sailors in charge of the voyage asked Vespucci to take over as commander. While he was on this expedition, Vespucci wrote two letters to a friend in Europe. He described his travels and was the first to identify the New World of North and South America as a separate landmass from Asia. (Christopher Columbus mistakenly believed he had reached Asia.) In one letter, dated March (or April) 1503, Vespucci described the diversity of life on the new continent: We knew that land to be a continent, and not an island, from its long beaches extending without trending round, the infinite number of inhabitants, the numerous tribes and peoples, the numerous kinds of wild animals unknown in our country, and many others never seen before by us, touching which it would take long to make reference. In his writings, Vespucci also described the culture of the indigenous people, focusing on their diet, religion, and- what made these letters very popular- their sexual, marriage, and childbirth practices. The letters were published in many languages and were distributed across Europe (they sold much better than Columbuss own diaries). Vespuccis descriptions of the natives were vivid and frank: They are people gentle and tractable, and all of both sexes go naked, not covering any part of their bodies, just as they came from their mothers’ wombs, and so they go until their deaths...They are of a free and good-looking expression of countenance, which they themselves destroy by boring the nostrils and lips, the nose and ears...They stop up these perforations with blue stones, bits of marble, of crystal, or very fine alabaster, also with very white bones and other things. Vespucci also described the richness of the land, and hinted that the region could be easily exploited for its valuable raw materials, including gold and pearls: The land is very fertile, abounding in many hills and valleys, and in large rivers, and is irrigated by very refreshing springs. It is covered with extensive and dense forests...No kind of metal has been found except gold, in which the country abounds, though we have brought none back in this our first navigation. The natives, however, assured us that there was an immense quantity of gold underground, and nothing was to be had from them for a price. Pearls abound, as I wrote to you. Scholars are not certain whether or not Vespucci participated in a fourth voyage to the Americas in 1503. If he did, there is little record of it, and we can assume the expedition was not very successful. Nevertheless, Vespucci did assist in the planning of other voyages to the New World. European colonization of this region accelerated in the years after Vespuccis voyages, resulting in settlements in Mexico, the West Indies, and South America. The Italian explorers work played an important role in helping colonizers navigate the territory. Death Vespucci was named pilot-major of Spain in 1508. He was proud of this accomplishment, writing that I was more skillful than all the shipmates of the whole world. Vespucci contracted malaria and died in Spain in 1512 at the age of 57. Legacy The German clergyman-scholar Martin Waldseemà ¼ller liked to make up names. He even created his own last name by combining the words for wood, lake, and mill. Waldseemà ¼ller was working on a contemporary world map in 1507, based on the Greek geography of Ptolemy, and he had read of Vespuccis travels and knew that the New World was indeed two continents. In honor of Vespuccis discovery of this portion of the world, Waldseemà ¼ller printed a wood block map (called Carta Mariana) with the name America spread across the southern continent of the New World. Waldseemà ¼ller sold 1,000 copies of the map across Europe. Within a few years, Waldseemà ¼ller had changed his mind about the name for the New World- but it was too late. The name America had stuck. Gerardus Mercators world map of 1538 was the first to include North America and South America. Vespuccis legacy lives on through the continents named in his honor. Sources Fernndez-Armesto Felipe. Amerigo: the Man Who Gave His Name to America. Random House, 2008.Vespucci, Amerigo. â€Å"The Letters of Amerigo Vespucci.† Early Americas Digital Archive (EADA).

Definition and Examples of an Ad Hominem Fallacy

Definition and Examples of an Ad Hominem Fallacy Ad hominem is a logical  fallacy  that involves a personal attack: an argument based on the perceived failings of an adversary rather than on the merits of the case. In short, its when your rebuttal to an opponents position is an irrelevant attack on the opponent personally rather than the subject at hand, to discredit the position by discrediting its supporter. It translates as against the man. Using an ad hominem fallacy pulls the publics attention off the real issue and serves only as a distraction. In some contexts its unethical.  Its also called argumentum ad hominem, abusive ad hominem, poisoning the well, ad personam, and mudslinging. The attacks serve as red herrings to try to discredit or blunt the opponents argument or make the public ignore it- its not just a personal attack but one stated as a counterattack to the position.   Ad Hominem Arguments That Arent Fallacies Just as there can be negative attacks (or insults) against someone that arent ad hominem arguments, there can also be a valid ad hominem argument thats not a ​fallacy. This works to convince the opposition of a premise using information that the opposition already believes to be true, whether or not the person making the argument believes them as factual.      Also, if the point of criticism of the opponent is an ethical or moral violation for someone wholl be in a position to enforce moral standards (or claims to be ethical), the ad hominem might not be irrelevant to the point at hand. If there is a conflict of interest that is being hidden- such as personal gain that has clearly influenced a persons position- the ad hominem could be relevant. Gary Goshgarian and colleagues give this example of a conflict of interest in their book An Argument Rhetoric and Reader:   The organizer of a petition to build a state-supported recycling center may seem reasonably suspect if it is revealed that he owns the land on which the proposed recycling center would be built. While the property owner may be motivated by sincere environmental concerns, the direct relationship between his position and his personal life makes this fair game for a challenge (Gary Goshgarian, et al.,  Addison-Wesley, 2003). Types of Ad Hominem Arguments An abusive ad hominem fallacy is a direct attack on the person. For example, it occurs when the opponents appearance is brought up in the discussion. Youll see this a lot of times when men are discussing positions of female opponents. The persons clothes and hair and personal attractiveness are brought up during the discussion when they have nothing to do with the subject matter. Looks and clothes never come into the discussion, however, when the mens points of views come up for debate.   The scary thing, as T.E. Damer writes, is that most abusers apparently believe that such characteristics actually provide good reasons for ignoring or discrediting the arguments of those who have them (Attacking Faulty Reasoning. Wadsworth, 2001). The circumstantial  ad hominem fallacy happens when the opponents circumstances come into play, irrelevantly.   A  tu quoque  fallacy is when the opponent points out how the arguer doesnt follow his or her own advice.  Its also called an appeal to  hypocrisy, for that reason. An opponent might say, Well, thats the pot calling the kettle black.   Ad Hominem Examples Political campaigns, especially the tiresome negative attack ads, are full of fallacious ad hominem examples (as well as just negative attacks, without any positions stated).  Unfortunately, they work, otherwise, candidates wouldnt use them. In a study, scientists had people evaluate scientific claims paired with attacks. They found that attacks on positions based on ad hominem fallacies were just as effective as attacks based on evidence. Allegations of conflict of interest were just as effective as allegations of fraud. In political campaigns, ad hominem attacks are nothing new. Yvonne Raley, writing for Scientific American, noted that during the presidential campaign of 1800, John Adams was called a fool, a gross hypocrite and an unprincipled oppressor. His rival, Thomas Jefferson, on the other hand, was deemed an uncivilized atheist, anti-American, a tool for the godless French.†Ã‚   Examples of different types of ad hominem fallacies and arguments include: Abusive: During the 2016  presidential campaign, Donald Trump threw out one abusive ad hominem attack after another about Hillary Clinton, such as, Now you tell me she looks presidential, folks. I look presidential, as if clothing were the important issue at hand.  Circumstantial: Thats what youd expect someone like him/her to say or Thats, of course, the position a ___________ would have.Poisoning the well:  Take, for example, a movie reviewer who dislikes a Tom Cruise movie because of the actors religion and tries to impose negative bias in the audience members minds before they see the film. His religious affiliation is completely unrelated to his acting ability or whether the movie is entertaining.Relevant ad hominem arguments: It was relevant to attack  Jimmy Swaggart after he was found with a prostitute yet purported to be an advisor and leader on moral issues. But hes not alone as far as preaching morality and not behaving. Any congressman who purports family values an d commits adultery, is caught with pornography, or hires prostitutes- and especially those who lie about it- is legitimately open for character attacks.   Guilt by association: If a person expresses the same (or a similar) view as someone whos already viewed negatively, that person and the viewpoint will then be viewed negatively. Whether the viewpoint is valid doesnt matter; its tarnished because of the person whos viewed negatively.Ad feminam: Using female stereotypes to attack a viewpoint is an ad feminam fallacy, for example, calling someones viewpoint irrational because of pregnancy, menopause, or menstruation hormones.

Definition and Examples of an Ad Hominem Fallacy

Definition and Examples of an Ad Hominem Fallacy Ad hominem is a logical  fallacy  that involves a personal attack: an argument based on the perceived failings of an adversary rather than on the merits of the case. In short, its when your rebuttal to an opponents position is an irrelevant attack on the opponent personally rather than the subject at hand, to discredit the position by discrediting its supporter. It translates as against the man. Using an ad hominem fallacy pulls the publics attention off the real issue and serves only as a distraction. In some contexts its unethical.  Its also called argumentum ad hominem, abusive ad hominem, poisoning the well, ad personam, and mudslinging. The attacks serve as red herrings to try to discredit or blunt the opponents argument or make the public ignore it- its not just a personal attack but one stated as a counterattack to the position.   Ad Hominem Arguments That Arent Fallacies Just as there can be negative attacks (or insults) against someone that arent ad hominem arguments, there can also be a valid ad hominem argument thats not a ​fallacy. This works to convince the opposition of a premise using information that the opposition already believes to be true, whether or not the person making the argument believes them as factual.      Also, if the point of criticism of the opponent is an ethical or moral violation for someone wholl be in a position to enforce moral standards (or claims to be ethical), the ad hominem might not be irrelevant to the point at hand. If there is a conflict of interest that is being hidden- such as personal gain that has clearly influenced a persons position- the ad hominem could be relevant. Gary Goshgarian and colleagues give this example of a conflict of interest in their book An Argument Rhetoric and Reader:   The organizer of a petition to build a state-supported recycling center may seem reasonably suspect if it is revealed that he owns the land on which the proposed recycling center would be built. While the property owner may be motivated by sincere environmental concerns, the direct relationship between his position and his personal life makes this fair game for a challenge (Gary Goshgarian, et al.,  Addison-Wesley, 2003). Types of Ad Hominem Arguments An abusive ad hominem fallacy is a direct attack on the person. For example, it occurs when the opponents appearance is brought up in the discussion. Youll see this a lot of times when men are discussing positions of female opponents. The persons clothes and hair and personal attractiveness are brought up during the discussion when they have nothing to do with the subject matter. Looks and clothes never come into the discussion, however, when the mens points of views come up for debate.   The scary thing, as T.E. Damer writes, is that most abusers apparently believe that such characteristics actually provide good reasons for ignoring or discrediting the arguments of those who have them (Attacking Faulty Reasoning. Wadsworth, 2001). The circumstantial  ad hominem fallacy happens when the opponents circumstances come into play, irrelevantly.   A  tu quoque  fallacy is when the opponent points out how the arguer doesnt follow his or her own advice.  Its also called an appeal to  hypocrisy, for that reason. An opponent might say, Well, thats the pot calling the kettle black.   Ad Hominem Examples Political campaigns, especially the tiresome negative attack ads, are full of fallacious ad hominem examples (as well as just negative attacks, without any positions stated).  Unfortunately, they work, otherwise, candidates wouldnt use them. In a study, scientists had people evaluate scientific claims paired with attacks. They found that attacks on positions based on ad hominem fallacies were just as effective as attacks based on evidence. Allegations of conflict of interest were just as effective as allegations of fraud. In political campaigns, ad hominem attacks are nothing new. Yvonne Raley, writing for Scientific American, noted that during the presidential campaign of 1800, John Adams was called a fool, a gross hypocrite and an unprincipled oppressor. His rival, Thomas Jefferson, on the other hand, was deemed an uncivilized atheist, anti-American, a tool for the godless French.†Ã‚   Examples of different types of ad hominem fallacies and arguments include: Abusive: During the 2016  presidential campaign, Donald Trump threw out one abusive ad hominem attack after another about Hillary Clinton, such as, Now you tell me she looks presidential, folks. I look presidential, as if clothing were the important issue at hand.  Circumstantial: Thats what youd expect someone like him/her to say or Thats, of course, the position a ___________ would have.Poisoning the well:  Take, for example, a movie reviewer who dislikes a Tom Cruise movie because of the actors religion and tries to impose negative bias in the audience members minds before they see the film. His religious affiliation is completely unrelated to his acting ability or whether the movie is entertaining.Relevant ad hominem arguments: It was relevant to attack  Jimmy Swaggart after he was found with a prostitute yet purported to be an advisor and leader on moral issues. But hes not alone as far as preaching morality and not behaving. Any congressman who purports family values an d commits adultery, is caught with pornography, or hires prostitutes- and especially those who lie about it- is legitimately open for character attacks.   Guilt by association: If a person expresses the same (or a similar) view as someone whos already viewed negatively, that person and the viewpoint will then be viewed negatively. Whether the viewpoint is valid doesnt matter; its tarnished because of the person whos viewed negatively.Ad feminam: Using female stereotypes to attack a viewpoint is an ad feminam fallacy, for example, calling someones viewpoint irrational because of pregnancy, menopause, or menstruation hormones.

Management accounting- S-10 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Management accounting- S-10 - Assignment Example " Because various frameworks in the living, social and innovative planet may be grasped thusly, cybernetics cuts over numerous accepted disciplinary borders. The notions which cyberneticians improve along these lines structure a meta-disciplinary dialect through which we might better comprehend and alter our planet. Throughout the period when Anthony's accounting based approach to management control picked up prominence (1960s), the organizational hypothesis written works greatly slanted to a systems-theory perspective. This tendency impacted management control hypothesis and it got indivisible from organizational theory as a rule. To grasp the profundity of the impact that system theory had on management control hypothesis, it is vital to examine the primary tenets of systems theory. In addition, it is imperative to inspect the crux parts of the systems perspective as it affected the route in which classical theory evolved. The systems perspective was established in cybernetics and general systems theory (GST). Norbert Wiener's (1948) cybernetics idea illustrates the methodology of correspondence and control around individuals and machines to achieve alluring goals and to guide the automatic standards discovered in human biotic frameworks onto machines frameworks (Kloot, 1997, p. 49). Cybernetics is concerned with programmed regulation and control of living beings and conglomerations. It is said that cybernetics utilization a negative sentiment circle acted for by setting objectives, measuring accomplishment, contrasting accomplishment and objectives, bolstering back qualified information about unwanted fluctuations into the procedure to be regulated, and rectifying the procedure. As per this perspective, a management control handle in its best disentangled structure is comparative to a specialized control prepare, looking like the control of the high temperature of a room by a thermostat. Anthony's accounting control philosophy was effortlessly interlaced wit h the notion of robotic controls (Otley, et al., 1995, p. 44). In any case, the GST tries to clarify conduct by mulling over the interrelationship of parts as opposed to the nature of the aforementioned parts. A system is a gathering of interrelated parts functioning all in all. Particularly, a system is an arranged or complex entire; a collection or fusion of things or parts framing an intricate or unitary entire. A conglomeration, thusly, could be acknowledged a gathering of interrelated parts filling in general. There may be diverse subsystems that could be associated with structure much bigger systems. The systems view expects that to remember completely grasp the capacity of the entire systems; the interrelationships around diverse parts must be grasped. A framework is said to have a border, and hinging on the level of communication by the systems with its external border, a framework might be acknowledged either an open framework or a shut systems (provided that it doesn't col laborate with the earth). From the systems view, a conglomeration is made out of information, process, and yield parts, and additionally associated subsystems with a plainly outlined framework verge. As clear from the expositive expression, the framework theorists and the cyberneticians joined both hypotheses to demonstrate capacities of conglomerations and all the more in particular the capacity of administration control frameworks. The degree of the impact by cybernetics hypothesis on administration co

First Language Acquisition Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

First Language Acquisition - Literature review Example s of language acquisition illustrate that imitation is not sufficient to understand first language and use it flawlessly within the short time that children manage to expend while learning it. According to Hauser (2000, p352) imitation is neither applicable in other primates in experimental learning of simple learning following instructions. This illustrates the complexity of language learning, a fact that underscores the structured nature of the process of first language acquisition in early childhood. Another key fact witnessed in the process followed in early childhood during the acquisition of first language involves production of sounds by the baby, despite the fact that they never heard them before. Pardo, Piorkowski, Remez and Rubin (2001, p.25) observe that different qualities of sound require specialized production which cannot simply originate from imitated actions. The authors further enumerate the role of non-speech communication learnt by children as an important reference point that imitation must not take the whole concept of language acquisition, which is complex than that. This fact underscores the high neurological involvement of the human learning process, best done during early stages of development. Involving language in this category of learning processes shows that communication is part of the innate social attributes that human beings possess, with language acting as a highly specialized indicator of high-end species organization (Chomsky, Fitch and Hauser 2 002, p570). A different perspective on the facts of acquisition of language highlights the issue of competence and performance, where children demonstrate impeccable acquisition of understanding before practicing. According to Chomsky (2000, p77) initial language usage does not necessarily correspond with understanding of issues, which could hinder communication. The author bases theories of competence on the principle that language is more of an expression of inner monologue among

Tesco Essay Example for Free

Tesco Essay Introduction This report will discuss the downturn in Tesco’s profits and will describe the contribution of the key business functions to the changes implemented in the organization. (Finance, Marketing, Operations, and Human Resources). Also, it will explain the key stakeholders of the organization and the key issues in managing stakeholders. Furthermore, it will include a SWOT analysis and a Power and Interest Matrix about Tesco. Business functions In the case study of Tesco, it is stated that they will appoint more staff to win their customers back. This step is related to Human Resource Management. HRM is activity, which include recruitment and defining the organization’s demand for skilled staff. â€Å"HRM includes the training and development of existing staff along with the recruitment of new staff.† (Capon 2009, p195). HRM is concerned with the overall strategic contribution of people to the organization. This involves developing policies on how to recruit, reward, and retain people. Moreover, HR department is about the contribution of the employees to the organization and what are their skills, abilities, and career development needs. The key activities of HRM are Recruitment and Selection, Performance, Learning and Development, Appraisal and Rewards. The changes in HRM will help Tesco to overcome the downturn in the most effective and efficient way due to the fact that when there is a strong motivation and enthusiasm to achieve your goals and know how to run your own business it is highly possible to become more competitive on the market and to be a leader in the market place. To increase their revenues, organizations such as Tesco rely on changes in one main area, in our case – changes in HRM. With this step, Tesco managed to returns its profits and moreover, to increase them with nearly 18% at  £1.1bn. For chain as Tesco it is exquisitely important the Operations Performance. The five performance objectives, which affect Tesco, are Quality, Speed, Dependability, Flexibility, and Cost. Firstly, quality means high ‘specification’ of a product or service and it is important for Tesco to have ‘quality’ products in their shops. â€Å"Speed indicates the time between the beginning of an operations process and its end.† (Slack, Lewis 2008, p38). Dependability is to give to the customers a delivery time. Flexibility is essential for the quick and efficient response to the customers demand. The last and the most important performance objective is Cost. It is important for the retailers because the lower the cost of producing the products or services, the lower they can sell it to the customers. The third business function related to Tesco is marketing. Marketing is about understanding the costumer’s needs and succeed to satisfy their wants and needs. It is a functional activity, which is focused mainly on customers, and will they purchase and continue to purchase the certain product or service. â€Å"Because the purpose of business is to create and keep customers, it has only two central functions – marketing and innovation. The basic function of marketing is to attract and retain customers at a profit. â€Å"(Jobber 2010 cited Drucker, p3). Marketing explains that to retain the existing costumers is easier than to attract new ones. The marketing mix is important for Tesco because it covers and explains five different aspects. The marketing mix is composed of Product, Price, Place, Promotion, and People. Firstly, the product is something that you will sell to the customers so it has to be successfully launched. The second P is price and it can be different- can be reduced or increased. Promotion is about introducing your product, how you will launch it on the market. The certain product can be promoted and advertised in different ways, through press, television, radio, magazines, internet. The promotional activities for supermarket such as Tesco can be loyalty card s for getting extra points. The fourth P is Place and it ensures the delivery of the product at right time and in the right place. The last key business function, which affects Tesco, is Finance. Finance is related to usage of the finance by the organization and how the finance is managed in the certain enterprise. Because of the growing competition and the growing demand for internet shopping, Tesco started changing its marketing mix from a traditional to a more modern model. Instead of considering only physical placing the products, Tesco needs to devise reliable internet positioning of the products, which could be supported by effective e-marketing and guaranteed efficient delivers. The product life cycle is very useful for Tesco because it allows to determine the stage of your business and if it is prosperous. The product life cycle is the period of time in which a product or service lasts. Over the course of this cycle, there are five stages: Introduction, Growth, Maturity, Saturation and Decline. SWOT Analysis Strengths Weaknesses Tesco has very solid position in the global market It is a powerful retailer brand It is the winner of the Retailer of the year 2008 By creating a loyalty card they achieving loyal customers Tesco was trying to gain a new markets such as books and it was unsuccessful due to the fact that there are already approved shops Finance profit levels for Tesco were impacted through bad debt Opportunities Threats Can continue to try entering new markets with new products Trying to meet the needs of the customers International growth Making an online catalogue To create unique products There is a persistent threat of takeover from the market leader Wal-Mart Only in USA. ASDA is owned by Wal-Mart as well and it is threat to Tesco here in UK because of very good internet shopping and low prices Stakeholders Stakeholders are individuals who have an interest in an organization. Some of them can be external and others can be internal. External stakeholders include customers, competitors, financiers, suppliers, government. Internal stakeholders include managers, directors, employees, shareholders. Stakeholders are able to influence and contribute to the company. (Capon 2009). First main step is to determine your stakeholders, their influence, and power about the organization. Secondly, it is exquisitely important to identify what the stakeholders are interested about. Moreover, you should have answers to some main questions such as: What financial or emotional interest do they have about your project or organization? What motivates them? The main stakeholders for Tesco are customers. All customers want is variety of products to choose from and quality in services or products at low costs. Like most organizations, Tesco needs their customers because they are the income and they buy their products. Customers apply pressure on Tesco to meet their needs. Meeting the customer’s needs can be done in different ways such as opening a new store or variety of goods. Tesco have a feedback service so every customer can raise questions or express opinion how the store can be improve. This makes Tesco highly competitive at the market. Customers are the main and key stakeholders for Tesco due to the fact that they can express a certain opinion about improving the store. Moreover, they can say from customer’s view how to make shopping quicker, easy, and enjoyable. In the Power and Interest matrix, customers are in category D – a key player because they have a high power to change Tesco stores and a high interest to be a customer in such a high quality supermarket such as Tesco. Power and Interest Matrix about TESCO Category A Minimal effort Category B Keep informed Category C Keep satisfied Category D Key player TESCO’S CUSTOMERS Conclusion In conclusion, every aspect from the key business function to the stakeholders is very important for Tesco and can influence over it. Every organization has to deal with the business problems and to know how to run the company. Tesco undoubtedly knows what their customer wants and satisfy their needs and desires in the best possible way. The advantage of Tesco is that they are ready to accept the criticism and are ready to change their stores, products, services. List of References: Baines, P, Fill, C and Page, K (2008) Marketing Principles and Society, Chapters 1 and 2, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Balogun, J. and Hailey, V.H. (2008), Exploring Strategic Chance, 3rd Edition, Essex, Pearson Education Limited Barringer and Ireland (2012), Entrepreneurship, 4th edition, Essex, Pearson Education Limited Capon, C. (2009), Understanding the Business Environment, 3rd Edition, Essex, Pearson Education Limited Jobber, D. (2010), Principles and Practice of Marketing, 6th Edition, Berkshire, McGraw-Hill Education Pelsmacker, B., Geuens, M., Bergh, J. (2005), Foundations of Marketing Communications, Essex, Pearson Education Limited Slack, N. and Lewis, M. (2008), Operations Strategy, 2nd Edition, Essex, Prentice Hall

The War Measures Act: Was It Necessary? Essay -- Legal Issues, Fairnes

â€Å"These men only ask for just the same thing, fairness, and fairness only. This, so far as in my power, they, and all others, shall have.†- Abraham Lincoln. This quote fundamentally states that everyone wants fairness and the government should do what is in their power to give it to the people. On the contrary, the War Measures Act actually limits freedom and fairness. The War Measures Act is a law that gives the federal government comprehensive emergency power during a war, invasion or rebellion. It allowed the cabinet to do anything necessary for the â€Å"security, defence, peace, order and welfare of Canada† (Morton and Granatstein, 1989, p.7).The act severely limits the freedom of Canadians. It was used during World War One (1914), World War Two (1939) and the October Crisis (1970). It also has a negative effect on the esteem of Canada as it can be viewed as a hypocritical democratic nation, in which a model peacekeeping nation used a totalitarian force such a s the War Measures Act. By unjustly punishing Canadians citizens, enforcing conscription as well as being used unnecessarily to address apprehended threats, the usage of the War Measures Act was neither fair nor necessary. The unjust punishment of citizens that was allowed by the War Measures Act was iniquitous. When it was used in World War One, World War Two and the October Crisis, it led to the unjust punishment of Canadians by causing the internment of â€Å"enemy aliens† as well as the forced to registration with the government. In World War One, Canada had been in war with Germany, Austria, Hungary and Ukraine therefore immigration from there was suspended and people from there were considered â€Å"enemy aliens† and were interned. This meant that they had to register with the ... ...the War Measures Act is not effective, fair or useful. The War Measures Act is unjust and unessential due to the unjustified abuse of Canadian citizens, constraining conscription and needless use against apprehended threats. The War Measures Act is unfair and needless due to the fact that it allowed unjust punishment in both World Wars and the October Crisis. It helped conscription during World War One and Two which ultimately failed and caused a lot of division and hassle within Canada. Moreover, it took away the freedom and rights from citizens which Canada is renowned for. The act was not needed and was not fair. Fairness is treating people with respect and making decisions without self-interest, and is a part of our everyday life. â€Å"One should treat others as one would like others to treat oneself†- The Golden Rule should always be used to the utmost extent.

Curious Incident of a dog in the nighttime“ †Mark Haddon Essay

In the â€Å"Curious Incident of a dog in the nighttime† from â€Å"Mark Haddon†, the author is trying to bring us nearer to the life of an autistic child by showing us his realm of thinking and behavior  Haddon creates in his book a story that actually stands more in the background. The story talks about the autistic ï ¬ fteen-year-old narrator, Christopher John Francis Boone, who ï ¬ nds the dog of a neighbour dead in the garden. He wants to ï ¬ nd out who killed the dog and wishes to write a book about it. He is standing in front of many problems to ï ¬ nd out what really happened, because his father doesn’t like the idea that he is meddling in the business of others. In trying to ï ¬ nd his book his father took away from him, he ï ¬ nds letter from his mother, who seemed to be dead at the beginning when in actuality she is still alive. After that, he is convinced his father is a liar and the murderer of the dog, and he runs away to his mom in fear that his own dad wants to kill him. At the end of the book they are showing the difï ¬ culty to get conï ¬ dence back from an autistic child. In the foreground is the behavior of the autistic Christopher Boone. Directly from the beginning we notice that something is different with Christopher Boone. The book never directly talks about autism, but several aspects let us know this. The capitals in the book are counted as prime number; this language technique lets us directly go in the mind of Christopher Boone. His thinking is that prime numbers are acting like life: logical, but impossible to fully comprehend. This missing of comprehension of human being is lined throughout the whole book, for example that he has difï ¬ culty determining people’s emotions from their facial expressions, but he can name each country in the world, their capitals and every prime number up to 7057. Christopher recognizes his social limitations, and he focuses instead on the extraordinary intelligence he displays in other regards. His complex brain is shown in the book with mathematical forms and information about space and physics.  Christopher Boone is the only one in his class who is making the A-level in mathematics, with the wish to ï ¬ nish it in physics too and when he is adult he would like to be an astronaut.  These inputs, whether we understand them or not, are helping the reader to get more and more into the way of thinking of this autistic child. We are reading the  entire book through the eyes of Christopher, the narrator, showing us just what he is seeing and feeling. This technique is extremely important for the story and the message of the book.  Christopher’s poor social skills are shown from the beginning to the end of the Book. He quickly feels overwhelmed and his social deï ¬ cits lead to misunderstandings and conï ¬â€šicts. He doesn’t let people touch him, when an ofï ¬ cer tries to touch him he assaults him and has to go to the jail. But even during that incident, he enjoyed the fact that his cell has perfect dimensions and he feels secure. Christopher’s obsession with the physical details of his surroundings, particularly aspects of color, number, and time†¦serves as a great asset to him in his investigation. When his father arrives, even he is allowed to touch him, other than with his hands spread like a fan. The truth is one of the most important things for him as an autistic child, because his logical brain may explode with a lie because there are going to be a million new possibilities. This difï ¬ culty with an autistic child is also shown in the role of the parents. His mother, who is thought to be dead at the beginning, was running away because she couldn’t handle the relation with her own child. The father as well, who was always calmer and had a better relation with his child, is coming to a point of desperation. Christopher wants to ï ¬ nd out who killed the dog, the investigation into which he tries to stop because of his own guilt. However, his child is special and he doesn’t want to hear what his dad is saying and changing the words in his mouth. The dad also is unable to be honest with his child, and invents the story of the dead mother to protect him. Christopher has a strong desire for order, and he works to remove any sense of disorder from his life. For instance, his system for determining how good the day will be, despite its apparent illogicalness, provides him with a  sense of control over the ambiguities and uncertainties he encounters every day. The difï ¬ culty of a normal day with an autistic child is shown well at the beginning. The farther we go into the book; it loses a bit of consequence. The author is giving us several different aspects of an autistic child. What makes the story so special is that at the end Christopher is over breaking his fears in running away from his father because he killed the dog and lied to him. Another problem that is shown in the book is the difï ¬ culty in creating friendships. Christopher is going to a special school; he’s calling the other children stupid and dumb because nobody has his level of logical thinking. He has no friends, the only person he is talking with and trusting is Siobhan. At the beginning we don’t know who this person is, which lets us think he has a friend in his age that he can communicate with. At the end we realize it is his teacher and it is really interesting to see the methods and the ideas that the teacher is giving or training with Christopher. The book tries to show the world what is going on in a child with autism. Of course, it is not a guide on how to handle autistic children, it is just a tale intended to help non-autistic people to understand better the thinking of this child. The author himself worked in preparation for his book with autistic children. In my opinion the book is really well structured and successfully brings the message that it should bring. Myself as a total beginner in this arena of thinking, now know more about this illness and about the rules and regulations that thinking in the head of such a child seem to follow. The difï ¬ culties surrounding this illness are really well represented in the role of the parents. We are just seeing the thoughts of him and his feelings, but the story is really good at creating just enough clues to see more between the lines. The mother who is running away because of her failure to cope raising her own child, the dad who is trying to handle this struggle all alone and who is just able to do that by constantly lying to his own child. The book was published in two versions, one for children and  once for adults. In my opinion, the title and the story of the book seems more for children than for adults. However, when you take a look at the message and the background of this boy, and let the story be a side issue, it is a really sensible and informative book about the life of a child with special issues. It seems that the end is a just a little bit thin and it seems that the author was not that careful enough at wrapping up the ending with the fears and consequen ces of autism. The book was criticized with the idea that the author is giving inaccurate descriptions about a child with autism, although the novel never mentions autism. Seeing as Christopher displays several of the symptoms that are included in this illness, they take the logical conclusion. I would recommend this book to everybody who wants to read a funny, informative and lovely story about a boy with special needs. The logical thinking presented which also teach a little bit about math and physics is what makes this ï ¬ ctional book really interesting.

Deep side of the Sea

Hurry! Give her mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. I can hear someone scream: well that is not the only thing I can hear. I can hear the siren and footsteps of people rushing here and there. Now the sounds are beginning to faint and my entire body is aching. It hurts a lot but I cannot really tell where, now all I can hear are my own thoughts. I feel lightweight. I have no control over myself. I am drifting away to someplace and amazing thing is that I feel secure, while light surrounds me and it’s very quite. I guess it all started when my parents left for Canada and I being the only child had to stay home alone. A dream come true, I had through to myself: I was so happy, now I could go anywhere I wanted to, go to every party in town or better yet, through a party of my own. I spent few days doing nothing and handing out here and there. Then the day came: I was invited to go to the biggest beach party in town with my friends. So I gathered myself, surf board, suntan lotion etc and left. We reached there at around 10:00 am. I knew no one around a bit, those people were new to me but I still manage to mingle. The Party was going great, people were laughing, dancing and simply letting go of themselves. Later everyone decided to go for a swim, so I went along, splashing here and there, and life seemed nothing but a beautiful dream. The guys decided to go in deeper but I did not want to go, nor I wanted anyone to think I was a chicken. So being extra cautions I went but tried to stay a little behind. I wasn’t afraid. I just wanted to be careful. The guys were just playing around when a massive wave hit us, knocking everyone towards the shore, except me. I could not believe what was happening to me, some force was pulling me towards as if it wanted me down there. Water began to surround me eyes, they hurt so bad that now I could not even see anything. I tried my best to regain control but it was all in vain. I could see people far away, frantically running here and there but no one dare come for my rescue. I was really tired and I wanted to let go, and that’s what exactly I did and it felt good. I don’t remember what happened next but I could feel myself being dragged somewhere by someone. Presently I do not die, where I am but if it definitely not the sea. God! I hope I do not die what will become of me? And what about my family, they do not even know where I am, would I ever see them again God! Please help me get through this.

Free Essays on Management

In order to answer the question, is management an art, a science or both, a person must understand the definitions of all three terms. Management can be thought of as the process of working with people to accomplish a set of goals or objectives for a specific company or organization. According to Zimmerman (2001), management is the act or art of managing. A manager carries out activities such as directing, conducting, administrates, provide guidance, and controls all aspect of their organization. Nordwall (1998) stated that the term science is the collection of information gained through experimentation, observation and studying. The purpose for science is to understand/seeing how things behave and interact through observation and comparison. Some sources define art as an advanced expertise that you can learn by studying, practice and observation (Princeton, n.d.). Some people believe that management/leadership is innate but it is something that can be learned. Customarily, McN amara (1999) stated, management is thought of by four general activities which include planning, organizing, leading and coordinating of resources. There are many areas of knowledge and skills that are required in order to carry out the main functions of management. McNamara (1999) stated that â€Å"managers work toward the organization’s goals using its resources in an effective and efficient manner.† This definition is true in all forms of management, whether it’s in the corporate world or in healthcare. Levin (2001) stated that healthcare management teams are â€Å"tasked with crafting strategic direction and deciding upon major initiatives their organization needs to implement to maintain strategic advantage in the healthcare marketplace.† These managers must practice existing goals of the organization, study to improve those goals and make observation for future goals or plans for their organization. Today’s managers must be politically savvy , flex... Free Essays on Management Free Essays on Management The dictionary describes it as, the duration of one’s life; the hours and days which a person has at his disposal. How we dispose of that time is time management. It’s the way we spend our time to organize and execute around our priorities. Remember just because time is intangible doesn’t mean that it is not valuable. Styles and How To Use Them There are many different types of time management, some are simpler and some are more complex, but all are useful. We must each find a style that we’re compatible with and implement it into our lives. Even if the style you choose is not the most effective one, you must use it everyday to help better manage your time. Before you begin to manage your time you must realize that it is not a short-term project, but a life long commitment. Getting and Staying Organized This is a system that’s purpose is to save you a few hours a day by showing you how to organize. The goal of this style of time management is to get organized so that you can convert time that you’ve wasted during a normal day into time that can be used more efficiently and effectively. This style of time management is directed on business in general, but I feel it can still be applied to every day life. It gives us simple easy to do tips on how we can become organized. The first tip is to separate the things that are importance from the things that are not. Then throw away what’s not important. Next tip is to place the important stuff in order that it needs to be done by creating a master list. A master list is the concept of writing everything down in an orderly, meticulous way, so that you can do a better job of staying on top of things. Another tip is to write everything down on paper. The reasoning behind this is that because you are saved from having to rem ember lots of information, you’ll have more brainpower for more important things. This system seems to focus on the short-term and is really basic. It may w... Free Essays on Management A Plethora of Management Problems† In the article â€Å"Bridge project is put on hold due to construction problems† there are clearly many problems besides just construction. Along with basic delays in construction there are also a number of managerial problems for Essex and Union County to overcome. The main problems with the new bridge construction are that the project lacks the basic managerial functions such as planning, controlling, organizing and leadership. Problems with the initial phase of construction have halted the project indefinitely. I believe this is because of improper planning and conceptual skills. As of now, there has not been a date set for completion of the permanent bridge indicating a lack of decision making and organization. No one involved in this project did any contingency planning in case of unforeseen circumstances. I think a solution to getting this project restarted would be to have some rational decision making and planning. Someone needs to formulate a plan to get the bridge up and moving again and some one needs to make some decisions on who is going to do the construction properly and needs to implement a set of alternatives to the plans, should anything go wrong again, they would have a back up plan. Another problem associated with the delay is the company they chose to do the construction on the bridge. The county chose the company based on the lowest bid and didn’t choose the contractor most capable of coordinating this project. They had non-union workers who lacked the knowledge and skills to complete this job. They should have picked the construction company with the most experience with this type of project. I don’t believe they used rational decision making in choosing the construction company. A place that this project lacks is in the strategical plan for completing the project and the strategy implementation of the plan. The plan that was designed for this bridge ... Free Essays on Management The majority of a manager’s job involves communicating with the people in his or her organization as well as individuals in other organizations. This interaction can have positive and negative outcomes, such as need satisfaction, social support and conflict. As many of you already know, communication is the process of transmitting information. No matter what level of management an individual is in, he or she will use different communication techniques on a daily basis. The two techniques that managers use most often are verbal and written communication. Some advantages of verbal communication are it’s easy to use and it generates immediate feedback between individuals. Some disadvantages are that it can be difficult to choose the correct words to convey an idea, it leaves little time for the individual to respond and there is no written record of the communication. On the other hand, written communication has an advantage because it is usually more precise than verbal communication. Also, written communication can be tracked. A few disadvantages are that it can inhibit feedback between the individuals and it take more time and effort to prepare than verbal communication. There are several barriers to the communication process. Some individual barriers are related to personal characteristics and the manager’s predisposition to the individual he or she is communicating with. Examples of those predispositions may be age, race, gender or religion. Organizational barriers within the workplace also affect communication. The armed forces is a good example of organizational barriers. As with any corporation, there is a chain of command that employees must follow. However, in the military, that chain of command is very strict and heavily enforced and this can inhibit communication between a supervisor and subordinate. This lack of communication can lead to problems in the workplace, such as decreased motiv... Free Essays on Management In order to answer the question, is management an art, a science or both, a person must understand the definitions of all three terms. Management can be thought of as the process of working with people to accomplish a set of goals or objectives for a specific company or organization. According to Zimmerman (2001), management is the act or art of managing. A manager carries out activities such as directing, conducting, administrates, provide guidance, and controls all aspect of their organization. Nordwall (1998) stated that the term science is the collection of information gained through experimentation, observation and studying. The purpose for science is to understand/seeing how things behave and interact through observation and comparison. Some sources define art as an advanced expertise that you can learn by studying, practice and observation (Princeton, n.d.). Some people believe that management/leadership is innate but it is something that can be learned. Customarily, McN amara (1999) stated, management is thought of by four general activities which include planning, organizing, leading and coordinating of resources. There are many areas of knowledge and skills that are required in order to carry out the main functions of management. McNamara (1999) stated that â€Å"managers work toward the organization’s goals using its resources in an effective and efficient manner.† This definition is true in all forms of management, whether it’s in the corporate world or in healthcare. Levin (2001) stated that healthcare management teams are â€Å"tasked with crafting strategic direction and deciding upon major initiatives their organization needs to implement to maintain strategic advantage in the healthcare marketplace.† These managers must practice existing goals of the organization, study to improve those goals and make observation for future goals or plans for their organization. Today’s managers must be politically savvy , flex...

Top Ten Confused Words [C-D]

Top Ten Confused Words [C-D] Top Ten Confused Words [C-D] Top Ten Confused Words [C-D] By Maeve Maddox The words in the following list represent misunderstanding of the words’ meanings and not simply an inability to spell them correctly. This post covers words starting with the letters c and d (the a-b list is here). 1. canvas / canvass The OED and M-W both show the spelling canvas as a variant spelling of the verb †to canvass,† but Chicago, AP, and Paul Brians (Common Errors in English Usage) all agree that the verb meaning â€Å"to survey† is spelled with a double s. The spelling canvas is a noun signifying a heavy cloth. 2. clench / clinch Although both words share their origin, in modern usage they are not interchangeable. You clench your fist or teeth, but clinch a deal or a victory. In boxing, â€Å"to clinch† means â€Å"to grapple at close quarters.† As a noun, clinch is used colloquially to mean â€Å"an embrace.† 3. compliment / complement Both words may be used as either nouns or verbs. A compliment is a praising remark; a complement is something that enhances or completes. â€Å"To compliment† is to praise†; â€Å"to complement† is â€Å"to complete.† 4. conscience / conscious Conscience is a noun that refers to the sense of right and wrong in an individual. Conscious is an adjective that means â€Å"aware of.† 5. corporal / corporeal Both words are adjectives that mean â€Å"of the body,† but in modern usage corporeal is used in philosophical or theological discussions in which the animal body is compared to the spirit. For ordinary references to the body, corporal is the usual word. For example, one might refer to â€Å"the corporeal existence of Jesus,† but to â€Å"corporal punishment.† 6. denote / connote â€Å"To denote† means â€Å"to indicate.† â€Å"To connote† means â€Å"to imply or suggest.† A squiggly red line under a word in a corrected essay denotes a misspelled word. Words like Mother and home connote warmth and comfort. 7. deserts / desserts In the idiom â€Å"to get one’s just deserts,† the word deserts is often misspelled as desserts. For other uses and pronunciations of desert and dessert, see this post: Just Deserts vs Just Desserts. 8. discrepancy / disparity A discrepancy is an inconsistency, for example, a discrepancy between a person’s date of birth might exist between different sources. A disparity is a lack of equality. A common topic of concern is the disparity between the earnings of men and women. 9. disinterested / uninterested Although the distinction is ignored by many speakers, style guides advise that uninterested should be used to describe mere lack of interest, whereas disinterested should be reserved for use in the context of neutrality. For example, some students are uninterested in schoolwork, whereas a third-party mediator is disinterested in the dispute being arbitrated. 10. discreet / discrete Discreet means judicious or circumspect. A discreet friend can be trusted not to tell all he knows about your private affairs. Discrete means â€Å"distinct, separate, not connected.† It’s the opposite of continuous. Charles Dickens published his novels in discrete parts that could later be fused as an uninterrupted whole. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Homograph ExamplesCannot or Can Not?Plurals of Proper Names

NONE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

NONE - Essay Example The immigration has not only caused diversification in the societal structure but has increased the interactions between people belonging to various races and ethnic groups. The diversity within the American society has always been the subject of many debates and from an historical perspective, the concept of immigration has now become a part of the American society and it is nothing less than a culture melting pot. The economic stability in the United States had also attracted a number immigrants coming in from all over the world. One of the hypotheses held by anthropologists was that the Native Americans had descended from the wanderers of North East Asia who were then followed by the arrival of European settlers and then subsequent colonization at the hands of the British took place. United States gained their freedom from colonial rule and became an independent nation that worked on the principle of democracy that became major fad of the 19th century and further attracted people from various parts of Europe, Asia and south west regions of the globe. Ever since then, there has been a rise in the number of immigrants coming to America from all the over the world, particularly from Europe and slaves from Africa. Slavery became a trend that started around the year 1619, when a Dutch ship brought 20 to the shores of the Virginia territory and reached its height till its abolishment in the year 1865 by Abraham Lincoln after the American civil war. The American civil war was one period in the history of the United States, which was marked by a decline in immigration but as soon as it ended the pace was picked back up again. Considering the aforementioned facts about the history of US immigration, the concept of race had become synonymous with everyone but ethnic and cultural identities was something that the American society was still in the process of discovering. A second wave of European immigration took place from the central region; a number of Jews migrated

BIOTECHNOLOGY & GENETIC ANALYSIS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

BIOTECHNOLOGY & GENETIC ANALYSIS - Essay Example This is mainly attributed to accumulation of pollutant along the path of river and hence bacterial population need to evolved catabolic capability to survive and hence more plasmid bearing bacterial population were found in second sample. Similarly most of the plasmid was found to be in size range more than 35 KB clearly indicates most of them are Conjugative plasmids as this group of plasmid has more number of genes compared to non-conjugative plasmid to carryout conjugation process and hence larger the size. Here re-suspension solution constitutes of glucose, EDTA and Tris each have its own role. Glucose provides osmotic stress and EDTA as chelating agents which binds to heavy metals and helps in disintegration of cell wall, Tris act as buffering agent and maintains pH of over all reactions to avoid any pH dependent side reaction. In this stage cell become highly fragile and some are break open. This solution is mixture of SDS and NaOH. Here NaOH provides alkaline condition which helps in cell lyses and denaturation of DNA while SDS dissolves cell wall constituents and induces extensive cell lyses. It also helps in proteins denaturation and precipitation. In this stage most of cell constituents get denatured including genomic DNA, But as plasmid is in its CCC (covalently closed circular) forms will not denatured completely and most of them remains in its native configuration. Step 4: Neutralisation Solution Here potassium acetate and acetic acid act as neutralizing agent to bring back the pH to normal. Similarly it induces the renaturation of DNA. Because of larger size most of the Genomic DNA remains denatured and mingled with proteins remains with cell debris while plasmid being smaller molecule except out to supernatant . Step 5: centrifugation at high speed; During this stage all cell derbies along with genomic DNA settled at the bottom of tube and being smaller in size plasmid remains in supernatant. Which subsequently used for further purification and transformation. Ans 3 protocol 6: Here we have two different observation 1) colonies from tube 2 grown as blue colored colonies 2) while from tube 3 there is mixture of blue and white. This can be explained as follows. In case of tube 2 there is only vector pGEM3Z used for transformation. The plasmid pGEM3Z have lacZ gene as marker which code for enzyme called beta glycosidase. After transformation cells where plated on LA supplemented with X-gal and IPTG. Now in presence of IPTG expression of lac Z induces and leads to synthesis of beta-glycosidase which subsequently acts on X-gal and cleaved it to chromogenic intermediate give rise to blue color. While in case of tube 3 there was plasmid vector along with insert gene (ligation mixture) and plated on similar plate after transformation. As vector pGEM3Z having MCS (multiple cloning sites) in side the lacZ gene any insertion or recombination leads to inactivation of lacZ (insertional inactivation). Inactive lacZ will not code for functional beta glycosidase and hence colonies having insertion give rise to white colors. In another scenario where cut plasmid re-ligated without any insertion during

International Marketing Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

International Marketing - Case Study Example Today instead of the traditional approach of 'maximizing' the profits, organizations go ahead with multiple objectives, monetary as well as non-monetary. There are short-term objectives as well as long-term ones. Strategists are supposed to prioritize all such objectives, so that there is clarity and ease of decision making in situations where there is an apparent clash of objectives. Here we'll analyse Vodafone, its strengths, comparative advantages, its weaknesses and some of the opportunities that it can capitalize on in the Turkish telecom market. Vodafone has acquired competitive advantage over its rivals on account of its marketing efforts, brand building, value creation, innovation, operational efficiencies etc. Today Vodafone is one of the world's leading international mobile telecommunications group having an equity base in 27 countries across 5 continents, 186.8 million proportionate customers and 33 partner networks (Vodafone, 2006). Company's vision statement1 says, the c ompany aspires 'to be the world's mobile communications leader, enriching customers' lives and helping individuals, businesses and communities to be more connected in a mobile world'. With this vision company plans to invest in Turkey. The PEST or PESTEL analysis is a useful tool for any industry or b... The analysis mainly comprises of; Political factors Economic factors Socio-cultural factors Technological factors Environmental Factors Legal Factors All these factors have different relevance for different types of industries and businesses. Political The modern Republic of Turkey was founded in 1923 by the legendary Mustafa Kemal, better known as "Ataturk" or father of the Turks. The democratic tradition of modern Turkey has faced quite a few challenges with periods of instability. In the recent past Turkey has also been criticized for its human rights record. Amnesty International accused the Turkish government in November 2001 of systematically and regularly torturing its citizens. Corruption remains one of the key challenges for Turkey. After the parliamentary elections held in November 2002, the Justice and Development Party (AKP), a moderate Islamist group, won a resounding majority. This caused some worry amongst the proponents of Turkey's reforms program, as AKP is known to position itself as a champion of Turkey's beleaguered impoverished majority, and is therefore potentially vulnerable to damaging economic populism (Datamonitor, 2006). But so far all such apprehensions have been put to rest with the continuance of the e conomic reforms, a necessity for favorable investment climate in the country. Turkey has been successfully able to overcome the banking and currency crisis of 2000-2001 Economic Turkish economy was in real bad shape during the 1990s, with growth rates of about 3% only. The 2000-01 banking and currency crisis further crippled the economy. But with some active support from IMF, the economy has been able to stage a turnaround. Owing to successful economic and structural reforms, CAGR of the Turkish economy over 2000-2005

How shift work impacts the health of employees

How shift work impacts the health of employees (Johnson 1999). Shift work is defined as the system where the people work on the regular bases based on shifts, these shifts are divided into three blocks they are morning shift, afternoon shift and night shifts. Work shift show complications in the schedule of family lifes activities, and negative health effects. (Halpern,2005; Levin-Epstein, 2006; Rosa and Colligan, 1997; Coasta, 2003). Shift workers are defined as anything other than normal day time timetable. These may includes evening work, night rotation, split shift, causal or on call job and irregular shifts. Work life differences affect full time workers (Williams, 2008). Shift work system leads to many physiological and psychosocial problems which affect the health of the individuals workers. (e.g., Nachreiner et al. 1995, Costa 1996), Physical health variables include gastrointestinal problems, sleep problems and psycho vegetative. (Akerstedt, 1985) employees who work fixed shifts will show less physical health problems co mpared to rotating shift employee in rotating shifts report more physical health complaints than those with fixed shifts . According to Basner (2005), about 20% of the employers at the workplace do work in shifts. Therefore, in that the case it is seen that the shift work does effect the routine system of the person as a whole. It affects the abdominal system and does effect in psychological terms too. According to McCall (2004), did a study on the employees of the hospital and they found that their life is on risk while working on shift work and increases the severity of occurrence of problems and the Oregons working data came out on the conclusion that the workers who were doing night and evening shifts were on more risk than those working on day shifts. Serious health risk factor occurs due to circadian rhythm disturbed in shift workers. Main reason for shift work is due to the nature of the job, occupational services such as nurses, doctors, and police officers are related with shift works. (Smith and Ward, 1986) The three prominently identified associates of experienced stress are: Alcohol use, family problems, self-reported medical maladies by Military police. (Spring, 1980) men working different shifts are likely to take heavy drinks some digestive supports on regular basis, where as women working in different shifts take tranquilizers and sleeping pills on regular bases to reduce stress problems. Both men and women working variable shifts show emotional efforts. Employees who are working night shifts are mostly exposed to the breast cancers.(Schernhammer et al. 2003) suggest that employees who are working rotating night shift for 3 days in a month for more than 15 years shows colorectal cancer in women. Circadian rhythm desynch ronisation, the disruption of the bodys biological rhythm has been a significant factor in explaining shift works effects on health, (Moore-Ede at al. 1962). The actuality that shift work disrupts eating, sleeping working patterns is a cause for concern. In his studies , Halberg (1959) the term circadian rhythms which has been used to explain the various bodily functions over the 24 hour cycle, (Harrington, 1978). Our bodies follow a natural rhythm and a vast research has been done in this field. A general survey conducted in the 2005 states that about 45% of people working belongs to health occupational field. (Folkard, 1996) shift workers that do hard jobs will need to actually relax, this is called desynchronization. Health-related risk factors occur due to the disturbance circadian rhythmic connection to the shift works. It is important to note that employees who stop doing the shift work show more health problem compared to present shift workers (Frese and Semmer 1986). Social problem and family problems are observed in shift workers; these problems diminish by day to day life activities such as their childrens education, they spend less time with their families as a effect of shift work, And also decrease in the spouse pleasure (Smith and Folkard, 1993), researches are opposing studies on work-nonworking argument with rotating shifts among workers (Bohle and Tilley 1989). Some of the findings of other research show that employees working shifts show difficulty in utiliz ing the potential of spare time (Baer et al. (1981, 1985). The effect of shift work may be due to shifts rotation so ignoring working evening hours or weakened hours will improve the physical and psychological well being of these workers (Monk and Folkard 1985). The studies have also found that the rotation shifts and positive attitude at the work place have been greatly linked. Those who are working on the rotation shift have the positive job attitude. Positive job attitude behavior is less in Rotating shift workers i.e. Organizational commitment, and job satisfaction, compared to fixed shift workers, some of the other research finding states that fixed shift works show less favorable job approach compared to Rotating shift workers (Jamal 1981). The central research states that working in socially rotating shift or fixed shifts i.e. evening and weekends show different increased levels of burnout, home conflict, and negative job attitudes such as turnover intentions, commitments, organization, and job satisfaction. And also show absence and impaired general health. These central research studies mainly focus on rotating vs. fixed shifts and working hours evening, day time and weekends. To minimize health risk by shift work much can be done such as employers can make sure that there is enough time for employees to have health food at right time, best way to achieve this is to provide microwave so that employees can bring healthy food and have a place to heat their food during meal time and also employers can put in place and open lunch system whereby given who are on 12 hrs shift. The opportunities have a tea break, and lunch break each time which is necessary such effects helps to reduce the risk of getting gastro intestinal disorders. CONCLUSION: For shift work, in order to minimize the overall risk on a shift schedule, we need to consider the provision of breaks within them, number of successive, and the length of shift work. Furthermore, it is clear that these factors need to be considered in mixture with one another since for example, a 12 hour shift work includes regular rest breaks which prove to be safer than the usual 8 hour night shift with just a lone break. REFERANCES: Knauth, P. and Hornberger, S. (2003) Occupational Medicine, Vol. 53, pp 109-116 Harrington J.M (1978) Shift Work and Health. a Critical Review of the Literature. Her Majestys Stationery Office. Demerouti, E., Sabine, A. E., Geurts, Arnold. B, Baker and Euwema, M. (2004) The impact of shift work on work home conflict, job attitudes and health, Vol. 47, No. 9, pp 987 1002 Halpern, D. F. (2005) How time flexible work policies can reduce stress, improving health, save money, vol. 21, pp 157-168 Schernhammer, E. S., Laden, F., Speizer, F. E. Willett, W. C., Hunter, D. J., Kawachi, I., Fuchs, C. S. And Colditz, G. A. (2003) Night shift work and risk of colorectal cancer in the nurses health study, Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Vol. 95, No. 11 pp 825 A smith, L, Folkard, S.and Poole, C.J.M. (1994) increased injuries on night shifts, The Lancet, Vol344, pp1137-1139 Akestedt, T., Fredhind, P., Gillberg, M., and Janson, B. (2002) Work load and work hours in relation to disturbed sleep and fatigue in a large representative sample. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, Vol. 53, pp 585-588. Critically review the evidence that work-life conflict leads to negative health outcomes Greenhaus Beutell., (1985). Defined as Bi-directional relation between work and family life. It is the form of inter -role conflict in which pressure from both family and work are mismatched. Work and family has two direction of conflict. There are two types of conflicts observed i.e. Family-to-work conflict and work-to family conflict, Family-to-work conflict takes place when the work combines with family life (Example-parents may take leave to attain the family function), in the same way Work-to-family conflict occurs when work interfere with family life activities. (For example unexpected meeting from the higher officials may stop the person from picking up of the children). (Frone, Russell, Cooper, 1992; Kinnunen Mauno, 1998) employees are more focus on work-to-family conflict then the family-to-work conflict. (Allen et al., 2000; Byron,2005). Conflict on work-life shows negative health results such as job attitude and impaired health, due to this effects vast research has been done directly on work-family problem and its results. Person when performing different roles in his life at a time is called overload, but these people show different attitude in the home and office permissions. Work load and increased working hours leads to many negative outcomes like (Burke Green glass, 1999; Phillips-Miller, Campbell, Morrison, 2000) decreased job performance, reduce job satisfaction (Allen, 2001).it also show psychological problems like anxiety, poor physical health, depression, increased level of alcohol use. (Frone,Russell, Cooper., 1997; Major et al., 2002). Thus these psychological problems show both direct and indirect effect on work -family relatio nships. Work -family balance were explained by three ways i.e. Time balance in which time is equally balanced with work and family ,second is involvement balance where equal involvement is required to maintain work and family and the third one is satisfaction balance were work and family is equally satisfaction. Investigations show that individuals show high quality of life when they spend more times with family then the work. Research conducted on working mothers. This study examine the families were mother and father are working according to this survey, Work-to-family show positive response to life satisfaction, job satisfaction and negative response to individual stress. Family-to-work show positive response to family satisfaction, life satisfaction, and marital satisfaction. But show negative effect organizational commitments. In this study it explains that father works more than 49 hours in a week and spends most of the time in the house hold matters where as mothers works less compared to father and show less involvement in the house matters i.e. they work only 46 hours in a week. However father show less work-family conflict, greater family satisfaction, marital satisfaction and less individual stress and more life satisfaction compared to working mothers. A Study conducted was conducted by Portuguese university students .these people interview and collected the data from in depth 32 interviews from different back ground. Finding of these study shows that worries are mainly felt by the mother particularly children dependent mother. The data also proposed that work-family procedure are unsuccessful if they are not supported by a positive work-family background. (Cooper and Quick,1999). Work life conflict may leads to undeveloped performance which is difficult to face to the confronts, rewards and chances. Working may result in poor inspiration, poor efficiency, and poor person growth; this state is called as qualitative under load. This under load stress may result complicated stresses and health problems. Some of the examples which enter in to daily life are changes in the job performance, lack of endorsement and concentration and from the officials, cold and warm clashes with generation, difficulty in implementing the new group structure and working on computer programs. All this situations may affect health and well being of the individuals as well as organisation. Examples which leads to conflicts in case of organization (Cooper, 1999) are: if there is change in employee and organizational relationship, change in the products, production and in technology department side. The current rate of place and change have accelerated in the past few decades. In the present global scenario, the need to be globally competitive in order for economies to stay afloat and sustain growth, significant burden is placed on the drivers of growth; these are the individuals at large. This huge strain on individuals and organizations has led to some degree of family breakdown. It is strange and ironic to view workplace as a source of money and comforts on one hand, on the other hand as a source of stress, depression and health related problems. (Higgins and Duxbury: 2002). According to Bachmann, 2002 there is an established correlation between a satisfied, committed, motivated, individuals and health and well being. Over 5 million people in the UK have asthma, suggesting upwards of 75000 could have work related asthma ,worsened by work.38,000 people have work related skin problems that are manifested in the form of eczema and contact dermatitis. NHS figures are staggeringly high in terms of GP visits annually. Stress related financial costs are something to the tune of 12 billion pounds annually. This mounting evidence ought to compel government, policy makers, trade unions, researchers and various organizations to join hands and formulate policies in favor of family friendly working style that could to some degree alleviate some issues. Conclusion: Work-life conflict both in family and organization leads the individuals to many physical and physiological problems to avoid these problems individuals should learn some professional skills like working teams, dealing with group thinkings, facing bullying situations, learning how to manage the stress conditions, developing the skills to reach the goals. And gain knowledge which is essential to keep the individuals to work without undergoing stress. Reference: Edward Rothard (2000), Academy of management review, volume 25, pp.178-199 Greenhaus, J.H., and Beutell, N. J.(1985). Source of conflicts between work and family roles. Academy of Management Review, pp. 76-88. Frone, M.R. Russell, M., Cooper, M. L. (1992). Antecedents and outcomes of work _family conflict: Testing a model of the work family interface. Journal of Vocational Behavior, PP.145_167. Cooper, C.L, Quick, J. (1999), Stress and Strain, Health Press, Oxford, . Allen, T., Herst, D., Bruck, C., Sutton, M. (2000). Consequences associated with work-to-family conflict: A Review and agenda for future research. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, pp. 278_-308. Frone, M.,R., Russell, M., Cooper, M. L. (1997). Relation of work-family conflict to health outcomes: A four-year longitudinal study of employed parents. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, pp. 325-335. Jeffrey, H., Greenhaus, Karen.M. Collins and Jason.D.Shaw (2003). Journal of Vocational Behavior. pp 510-531 Cooper, C.L (1999), Theories of Organizational Stress, Oxford University Press, Oxford, . Discuss and critically evaluate research that has examined the impact of bullying at work Workplace bulling research began in Sweden in the 1980s. Research from both countries like Finland (Bjorkquist et al, 1994) and Norway (Adams and Crawford, 1992) conducted studies on work harassment and mobbling.Andrea Adam 1990, a British Freelances journalist brought the phenomenon bulling this leads to develop numbers of researches by UK scholars. According to (Baron Neuman, 1996; Einarsen Matthiesen, Skogstad, 1998; Keashly, 1998). Workplace bullying is defined as a persistent and continuous pattern of abuse of work and negative events directed at workers. Bullying is a form of coercive interpersonal power. It involves intentional impose of injuries, verbal abuse, exclusion and repeated physical contact, offensive teasing, isolation, social exclusion other negative actions. (Forsyth,2006). Due to this situation the target finds difficult to him or her or to face the situation. These situations may leads to severe mental, physical and psychological disease. Bullying in everyday life may cause humiliation and harm if it occurs on regular basis. Many researches also showed that large amount of money is wasted due to destructive conflict and bulling at work. Surveys among some 8,000 Norwegian employees, 54 per cent of the victims reported that bullying is done by a superior (Einarsen and Skogstad, 1996). Supervisors and managers are seen as the bullies in many cases, this is due to power differences in the parties. (Zapf, in press) In English, Austrian, German, studies states that between 70 and 80 per cent are bullied by a superior. Victims who suffered by the supervisors seems to face more psychological problems compared to victims of co-worker. (Einarsen and Raknes, 1997a; 1997b) Leymann (1993) interviewed victim and stated that there are four factors responsible for eliciting harassment at work. Deficiencies in work design, a low moral standard in the department a socially exposed position of the victim, and deficiencies in leadership behaviour (Randall, 2001) Individuals are deeply ashamed of being maltreated and are at their bewildered at their obvious failure to protect themselves and fight back.(Bernardi 2001, Strawbridge 2001) workplace bulling leads to many consequences like the individuals show less productivity they may also suffer from trauma related illness and also they are great risk at self harming behaviour due to this situations some individuals may quite the job without thinking that they do not have new job. According to Layman (1990), the term bullying was used without giving the term of schoolyard and this was for the very first time used in about 1990. There have been many studies which says that bullying have been a top most thing to spread all over the world in many countries and about 3% of the population from Scandinavia effected because of bullying at the work place (Einarsen and Skogstad, 1996; Layman, 1992). According to Hoel (1996), the students from United Kingdom have also been at the top that show the rate of bullying of around 10%. According to Mikkelson and Einarsen (2002), a psychological variable such as fear, anxiety, and helplessness has been found to be the cause of the psychological harm by the person. These variables do effect the job satisfaction and commitment and person do inclined low towards the job. According to Cooper et al., (2003), did a study on 674 males and 981 females who were working in the hospitals and studied the correlation between the work-place bullying and how health affected their job. The participants reported the increased rates of leave and sickness and also increase in absent rate. The participants also reported the effect on the mental and physical health. Quine, 1999; edition, 2001 hunt, 2001) bulling in medical setting will give rare insights of health professionals. The practices can be studied under two categories i.e. hierarchical workplace bulling horizontal workplace bulling. Horizontal workplace bulling is related to nursing (Duffs, 1995, Lee 2001 Strawbridge 2001; Hocking 2002) and these publications states that workplace bulling occurs between professionals and workers will show some levels of bulling in the same field. In Britain, study conducted on NHS community trust and reported that 38% of employees working in health sectors experiences bulling at work in the previous years .Some study reported that 37% of 594 junior doctors was bullied in past year (Quine, 2002), medical students in United States suffer high level of job related bulling during their training period. (Daughters, Baldwin and Rouley, 1998. Kassebaum and Luttes, 1980). The other form of bulling at work is the sexual harassment may reduce productivity, increase stress, decreasing commitments and threatened by the individuals may occur. Criminal justice public order act 1994 says about harassment the other form of bulling at work is sexual harassment where male domination is more ranges from serious rape to less serious but understanding behaviors such as sexual jokes. Australian medical students experiences high level of bulling during their medical training but they named these bulling as sexual harassment (White, 2001).Combination of increasing competition economic rationalism, downsizing, dynamic, Macho management styles have created a culture where bulling can be removed or thrive. (Besag, 1989) for several years research has been done on bulling at schools and he states that it is stable phenomenon. United Kingdom shows high incidences of bulling in schools (Butch Knoff, 1994), his research also states that all students show bulling at their study level. Survey conducted on part time students at Startfordshire University i.e. 1137 samples and they also asked the worst working situation where they were bullied. Then they answered that 53% were bullied at some point in their working period, and among them 19% were singled victimized and remaining were bullied in groups.(Coyne et al., 2000), Bullying results in a ripple outcome signifying that the occurrence do not engage just a few troubled employees, but instead it is an active process that negatively affects everyone in the work setting. In bullying work atmosphere non exposed workers will show less negative experiences compared to exposed workers .worker that are exposed to bullying conditions will show more stress and mental problems than non-exposed workers (Vartia, 2001, p. 65).Many research proposed that bullying show negative impacts on work quality results. (Rayner et al., 2002, p. 56)Additionally, co-workers who see their colleagues abused more often leave their jobs as a result of their contact with bullying than non-exposed workers. Conclusion: Bulling is regarded as obsessive and compulsive behaviour. Due to this bulling effect there will be low self esteem low self confidence, In order to eliminate bullying at work, organizations need to take steps against elimination of bullying otherwise it affects morale and effectiveness of employee (Randall, 1997). It is important to speak with someone who solves the problem informally like trade union official or human resources department otherwise manages or supervisor some employees are specially trained to solve harassment problems they are called harassment advisers to face problems they are called harassment advisers to face problem at work in ordered to get good output. Reference Cooper, C.L. Einarsen, S. Hoel, H. Zapf, D. (2003, p.130) Bullying and Emotional Abuse in the Work Place : International Perspective in Research and Practice. Taylor Francis Inc. Einarsen, S. (1999). The nature and causes of bullying at work. International Journal of Manpower , 20 (1/2), 16_/27. Einarsen, S., Skogstad, A. (1996). Bullying at work: Epidemiological findings in public and private organizations. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 5(2), 185-201. Randall, P. (2001) Bullying in Adulthood: Assessing the Bullies and Their Victims. New York: Brunner-Rutledge Coyne, I., Seigne, E. and Randall, P. (2000) Predicting workplace victim status from personality. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, Vol. 9, pp 335-49. Forsyth, D. R. (2006). Group dynamics(4th Ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth. http://www.inicio.ie/Bullying%20at%20Work.pdf Hoel, H., Cooper, C. L. (2000). Destructive conflict and bullying at work. Manchester, UK: Manchester School of Management. Rayner, C. (1997). The incidence of workplace bullying. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 7, 199-208. Besag, v. (1989), bullies and their victims in schools, Open University press, Milton Keynes. Randall, P. (1997), Adult bullying: perpetrators and victims, Routledge, London and New York. Drawing on recent research, compare and contrast the effectiveness of primary and secondary/tertiary stress management strategies in improving employee wellbeing. The stress in relation to work is a significant and is considered an important barrier for a variable such as job satisfaction and also to act better in psychosocial activities. According to Cox et al (2002), about 60% of the people are losing their job and not going to work because of the stress. According to the statistics of European foundation (2000), shows that there are 15% of employees complains about the headache, 25% of them indicate the symptoms of pains in neck and shoulders, 23% cases because of fatigue, 28% cause because of stress and 33% because of backache. Also, an employee assistance programmers laid an importance to provide the counseling to the employees who are suffering from stress or have difficulties related to the work-life balance and problems related to alcohol and drug intake. According to Jones et al. (1998), a survey being done in UK, showed that about 27% of the workers suffered from psychological problems such as anxiety and depression, and also stress caused many people to give up their jobs and about 20 working days were lost. In an another survey by US called as National health interview survey, found out that about millions of employees suffer from mental stress at their work place which effect their health. According to Antai-Otong (2001), stress effected and added few more problems such as burnout, other chronic problems which ultimately affected their job performance and lower down the productivity and also, lowering down their morale. The literature has also shown many longitudinal studies been done on intervention of stress management at workplace, therefore literature also talked about the cross sectional studies but could not successfully tackle out the issues and also long lasting effect of the interventions could not be seen. The stress management interventions fall under three categories which are: primary intervention, secondary intervention and finally tertiary intervention. The primary intervention aim at the redesigning, changing the work systems and changing the entire structure of organization. Therefore, it aims at primarily removing the stressor or the thing that cause to create the stress at the work place. The intervention at the primary level facilitates and increases the control over the job and also the environment at their work place and also this in turn reduces the stressors, therefore by increasing the satisfaction of the workers and their well being too. This all includes giving the proper and good working hours and the shifts patterns, and also the description of the role should be clear enough so that no stress can be laid upon the workers. According to Lazarus (2000), the primary interventions are related to the copying strategies which are problem focused and therefore reduces the causes and different sources of stress. The next intervention called secondary intervention aims at modifying the stressors which are expected or predicted and causes stress at work place. The secondary intervention, unlike primary deals with the experiences related to the stress and not by stress, as a word, for example, the coping such as emotional focused aims at reducing the emotional state related to the stress at the work place and minimizing and reducing the stressor from the person, who is experiencing the stress. Apart from this, the secondary intervention involves stress management training, social support, biofeedback etc. According to Allen et al (1999) explored and stated that experience does matter and that help in helping new employees and feel them comfortable so that they may not feel the stress at high level and thus encourage socialization. Also, a correlation was calculated and it was seen that there was a negative correlation between the socialization and stress at work. Therefore, we can say that supp ort and relationship between colleagues and peer relation at work place is so important. Social support is therefore important by making contacts with people who are directly or indirectly related to their work place. Jones et al., (2000) did a study in the hospitals to see the impact of the stress management on the employers. These programs helped to improve the skills to cope with the stress and other relaxation techniques were also used. Thereafter, it was also seen that after couple of months, there was a fall in the medication. Then thereafter, a follow up was taken for 2 years and less negligence was seen after the program of stress management was undertaken. The third and the final intervention is the tertiary intervention. According to Quick et al., (1997), tertiary interventions includes the programs such as counseling, psychotherapy and employee assistant programs As discussed at the starting various programs, employee assistance programs (EAP) has been used to tackle the behaviour which are injurious to health such as alcohol intake or problems related to drug intake, however EAPs have been successful with such patients. Sadri (1991) found in the study that the progress has been seen among the employees by enhancing their self esteem and progress have been found in their mental health state. More studies have been found that have seen that more interventions of stress management. Murphy (1996) did a review on the stress management intervention among the employers at their work place such as B.P., anxiety and other psychological problems. The techniques such as cognitive behavioral techniques, meditation, biofeedback and other strategies were reviewed, whereas meditation showed a positive and consistent results but it is hardly used in the organizations. Techniques such as cognitive behavioral strategies and relaxation reported to be successful. Also, there was a consistent and positive result among the various techniques altogether, therefore, their combination proved to be more effective than using any single strategy. Therefore, according to Quick et al., (1997), it would be suitable to say that primary interventions are the most convenient and best method of intervention because they are actively involved in eliminating the causes of stress, but secondary and tertiary approaches do help in stress management but they are only limited in removing the sources of stress but not the stress itself and this is where primary intervention plays an important role in eliminating the stress itself.