appearance vs reality Essay - 713 Words

Appearance vs. Reality nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Things are not always as they appear. You may think someone is a certain way because of how they dress and carry themselves this is called stereotyping. Many people stereotype without even noticing that they are doing it. Everyone has his or her right to first impressions, but stereotyping is wrong. There are many examples of this topic in literature as well as in our society today. The main population accused of stereotyping is teenagers; they are seen as rude and judgmental. For example, in high school the people are divided into groups by how they dress and whom they hang out with. There are the skaters, freaks, preps, snobs, cheerleaders, jocks and nerds. No one person set up†¦show more content†¦An example of this is the play â€Å"Cyrano de Bergerac†. In the play Cyrano is in love with his cousin Roxane, but no body thinks that she will like him because he has a huge nose. They all judge him on his appearance and forget all about his well-rounded personality. So, he writes poetry and puts someone else’s name on it, at the end when Roxane finds out, she falls in love with him. That goes to show that appearance is not everything, regardless of what some may think. Stereotyping is also shown in a recent movie put out by Disney, called â€Å"You Wish†. This boy wants to be popular and cool, but his friends know that it does not ma tter. He wishes his brother out of his life and everything changes, he becomes the star football player and his friends are different. When he tries to talk to the old ones, they are rude to him because they think he is just a conceited jock. In the end when he gets his old life back he learns to accept himself and love what he does have. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Finally, places and hangouts are also stereotyped. It may not seem that it matters to stereotype a nonliving thing, but it does. The different hangouts are said to be for different â€Å"groups†. For example, the preps are usually at the movies, the snobs at the mall, the skaters on the streets, etc. This is not right, because there is not onlyShow MoreRelatedEssay on Appearance Vs. Reality961 Words   |  4 Pages One of the characteristics of Realism, in American literature at least, is the ironic use of perceptions of â€Å"appearance† vs. â€Å"reality.† With this in mind, Henry James’s â€Å"The Real Thing† and â€Å"The Beast in the Jungle† are two works wherein such characteristics can be shown to operate as James employs cleverly woven twists of â€Å"appearance† and â€Å"reality† in each of the plots. In James’s â€Å"The Real Thing,† the plot is centered on an unnamed artist and his interactions with two sets of models: the MonarchsRead MoreMacbeth Appearance vs Reality1046 Words   |  5 PagesAppearance vs. Reality The role of deception and the motif of appearance and reality had a large role in Shakespeare’s play, Macbeth. The motif of appearance and reality is first introduced by Shakespeare early on in the play when Macbeth must cover up for the murder of Duncan. This motif of appearance versus reality, or deception, appears again when Macbeth fools the murderers that killed Banquo. Macbeth tricks the murderer’s into believing it was Banquo’s fault that they led such miserableRead MoreMacbeth - Appearance vs. Reality1537 Words   |  7 PagesAppearance vs. Reality – Macbeth: Commentary Macbeth is a play written by William Shakespeare, which focuses on the life of Macbeth. Out of the four Shakespearean play categories, it is categorized as a tragedy, as the events of the play ultimately lead to the downfall of the protagonist, Macbeth. The theme of appearance versus reality is constantly repeated throughout the play, as it greatly contributes to the development of the plot. The idea is constantly conveyed by the characters using a pleasantRead MoreAppearance vs. Reality in Hamlet1000 Words   |  4 PagesThere is a general understanding that appearances can be deceiving. This is one of the most fundamental questions in philosophy, appearance vs. reality. When we meet people and get to know them throughout our lives, we soon discover that there is a genuine side to everyone behind the appearance they show. In the play Hamlet, by William Shakespeare, the characters Polonius, Rosencrantz, Guildenstern, and Claudius use appearance vs. reality to manipulate and deceive , which ultimately leads to theirRead MoreAppearance Vs. Reality Of Macbeth Essay1612 Words   |  7 PagesSteven Hua Ms. Amato ENG2D 08 December, 2016 Appearance vs. Reality In Macbeth Things are not always as they seem to be, people are often deceived to believe something different than it’s true meaning. Instead of knowing the reality of a situation, people’s thoughts are sometimes shifted to see only what they appear, leaving them blindsided to the real truth behind whats really going on. Appearance versus Reality is first seen when king Duncan misjudges Macbeth’s intentions and is blindsided toRead MoreMacbeth: Appearance vs Reality977 Words   |  4 PagesMacbeth: Appearance vs Reality Brooke Soper The way people act on the outside and who they really are on the inside may be two totally different things. Some may change because they feel they don t fit in. Others pretend to be something they truly aren t. No matter which way you look at it, if you try to act like someone your not, the truth will always appear in the end. That is exactly what happened in William Shakespeare s play, MacBeth. Banquo, MacBeth, and Lady MacBeth each projectRead More Appearance vs Reality Essay453 Words   |  2 PagesAppearance vs Reality One normally disguises in order to be someone else, whether this be in a costume during Halloween, or as a character in a play or movie. Shakespeare uses the idea of disguise in his ‘Taming of the Shrew’ The minor theme of the play is appearance vs reality. Throughout the drama, things are never really as they seem. Katherine appears to be a real shrew, but it is all a cover-up for the hurt she feels. Bianca appears to be a self-sacrificing angelRead MoreThe Judgement Of Appearance Vs Reality1561 Words   |  7 PagesThe Judgement of Appearance VS Reality â€Å" I am not Abnegation. I am not Dauntless. I am Divergent† (Roth 442). This quotation display a certain substance people all need understand about the interior of themselves in life; people are more than one thing, one personality, and one judgement, individuals are all divergent. Divergent is a powerful word, which means that people are all different from what the world may want them to be or how they are portrayed as to the rest of the world. Divergent meansRead MoreMacbeth Appearance Vs Reality1245 Words   |  5 PagesExploration of Appearance and Reality in Macbeth As Plato famously said in Phaedrus, â€Å"Things are not always as they seem†, meaning that not everything is what it appears to be. In today’s society, many politicians appear trustworthy and are in reality crooked. Photoshop also manipulates appearance and reality. In literature, authors use appearance versus reality to create an interesting plot or characterize. In William Shakespeare’s tragedy, Macbeth, the theme of appearance versus reality is seen frequentlyRead MoreAPPEARANCE vs. REALITY IN THE PRINCE AND HAMLET1614 Words   |  7 Pages3. Reality and appearances, or if you prefer, being and acting, are important themes for both Machiavelli and Shakespeare. Why? How do their perspectives on this subject agree or differ? APPEARANCE vs. REALITY IN THE PRINCE AND HAMLET One of the most fundamental questions in philosophy is the appearance vs. reality. We find ourselves asking the question of what is genuinely real, and what is viewed merely as just an appearance, and not real? It becomes difficult when we assume there is

Teen Pregnancy Education Over Abstinence - 3277 Words

Rockwell 12 Erin Rockwell English IV Mrs. Rasmussen 3 October, 2014 Teen Pregnancy: Education over Abstinence Many parents dread the day they see their teenage children having children of their own. The teens are not to blame for having sex without protection. They should not have been made to take virginity pledges in their past, because they do not work. The boyfriend should not be arrested just because he happens to be a couple years older than his girlfriend. Instead of hypothesizing ill-formed theories that teens do not know how to make decisions about sex, educate them on it. Girls should not be forced to have their virginity protected for them; it is their choice. Even though abstinence has been proven to prevent teenage pregnancy, virginity pledges have conflicting results of success –proving that consensual sex among teens is natural and should not be treated as a crime based on age, and that the solution is to teach teens of the risks involved. Abstinence Prevents Pregnancy There is no better way to protect from pregnancy than abstinence –which is 100% effective. Although this is true, according to the article Abstinence is the Best Policy in Preventing Teen Pregnancy written in July 2012, there are about 750,000 pregnant teenagers each year (Watkins np). This number includes all miscarriages, abortions, and children that will be given up for adoption, so there are not necessarily that many births from teens each year. No matter how it can be lookedShow MoreRelatedTeen Pregnancy Essay1426 Words   |  6 Pagesrecent decades, the debated over what is going to help reduce the alarmingly high rate of teen pregnancies has not ceased. Many argue over whether abstinence-only should be taught in high school and if it is the key to reducing the high teen pregnancy rate. From my standpoint, I believe that it should be taught. However, it should be accompanied by the teachings of birth control along with other contraceptiv es and how to use them. The fact of the matter is that teen pregnancies continue to be a prevalentRead MoreTeen Pregnancy Rates By Jacqueline Sedgwick s Article, American Adolescents And Emergency Contraceptive Pill Access843 Words   |  4 Pagesin America’s society today is teen pregnancy rates. In fact, â€Å"teen sexual activity, pregnancy, and childbearing are associated with substantial social, economic, and health costs† (Sedgwick). However, this problem is not one without a solution. The rise of teen pregnancy rates can be prevented and reversed by providing better access to birth control for teens, eliminating the negative connotation that accompanies abstinence, and implementing more efficient sex education in public schools. One solutionRead MoreTeen Pregnancy Should Be Pregnant Before The Age Of Twenty1504 Words   |  7 Pagesthe highest teen birth rate in the world, every year the United States experiences 610,000 teen pregnancies (Bleakly 2006). The figures show that three in ten adolescent girls will become pregnant before the age of twenty. People ages 15-24 represent 25 eighteen 70 percent of United States females, and 62 percent of males have had sex. About 3.2 million adolescent females are infected with the most common STI’s, such as chlamydia and gonorrhea (Bleakly 2006). The likelihood of teens having sex increasesRead MoreAbstinence Only Programs For Public Schools1383 Words   |  6 Pagesadvocatesforyouth.org, â€Å"abstinence only education teaches students to abstain from sex prior to marriage.† These program has been proven to be ineffective. Abstinence only education is ineffective because it is not conducive in reducing teen pregnancy rates and sexually transmitted d iseases rates. Abstinence only programs are less likely to teach students about birth control and contraception and how to access it. These programs has not been shown to reduce teen sexual activity. Abstinence only programs becameRead MoreSex Education Is An Important, Emotional And Controversial1645 Words   |  7 PagesSex education is an important, emotional and controversial topic to teach youth in today’s world. The question is, what is the best information, and the best way to teach them? Comprehensive sex education is teaching teens how to practice safe sex, providing teens with types of protection, and how to use it, as well as services and resources available to help them in making decisions to practice safe sex. Abstinence-only programs teach teens to not have sex, or anything â€Å"arousing† until marriageRead MoreEssay on Abstinence Education1010 Words   |  5 Pagesdiseases and teen pregnancies of any industrialized nation that put young teenagers at risks. It is estimate that 20,000 new cases of sexually transmitted diseases reported each year comes from people under the age of 25 and 82 percent of all teen pregnancies are accidents that account fo r one-fifth of all unintended pregnancies annually (CDC 2006). As a result, the government needs to stop funding and promoting abstinence only programs and start focusing on comprehensive sex education. ComprehensiveRead MoreThe Most Effective Method Of Sex Education1239 Words   |  5 Pagesof Sex Education â€Æ' INTRODUCTION Sex is a touchy subject and administrators all over the country have spent years trying to figure out the best way to teach their minors about it. Sex education in America is crucial because we are known for our high rates of pregnancies and sexually transmitted infections among teenagers. However, things like religion, morals, and rights are factors that have swayed the education system making it harder to determine the â€Å"right† way to teach sex education. There areRead MoreSex Education And Sexual Education948 Words   |  4 Pagesout of 1,000 teen females gave birth which it the lowest since 1946. The reason behind this decline is comprehensive sex education taught in schools. One the other hand, the opponents believe that the reason for this decline is the sex education classes that teach about not having sex. Even when most schools are teaching abstinences only sex education about sixty-six percent of high school students says they are sexually active. Which conclude s that the abstinences only sex education is not workingRead MoreComprehensive Ignorance1553 Words   |  7 PagesCurrently, there is no national standard regarding sexual education in America. Soaring sexually transmitted infection (STI) rates are occurring at a national level – there are approximately nine million new occurrences of STIs in the United States each year among teenagers and young adults alone (Alan Guttmacher Institute 2011). Consequently, the United States continues to have one of the highest teen pregnancy rates in the developed world—more than twice as in Canada (Alan Guttmacher InstituteRead MoreThe System Of Sex Education Essay1034 Words   |  5 PagesSystem of Sex Education Abstinence education should be a part of sex education in schools because it is the best way to avoid the risks of unsafe sex. Children are only taught how to have sex, and they believe the pullout method is effective. Some children are not ready for sex, but they do it anyway because they are not told to wait. Abstinence should be taught as part of sex education because sexual transmitted disease, teen pregnancy, and abortion rates would decrease. Sex education in schools

The Advantages and Disadvantages of City Life free essay sample

The advantages and disadvantages of city life Thesis Advantages -A city no doubt offers many tempting comforts and conveniences, pleasures and pass times, openings and opportunities, and that is why people from the country-side are pouring into it in thousands. In a city, there are schools, colleges, business houses and technical institutes, hospitals, charitable institutions, hospitals, cinemas, play grounds, stadiums, parks, gardens and easy means of transport and communication. If we have sufficient money, we can have the best food and clothing, the best accommodation, the best education, the best of medical treatment and the best of entertainment. Disadvantages Even though the city life has its advantages, city life is far from being all good. The city is overpopulated, polluted, noisy, contaminated, filthy and smoky. The life can be disrupted by pollution, noise, corruptions and crime. City living can be very rushed and worried. Also in the city money is admired and money is indeed the core of all evils. We will write a custom essay sample on The Advantages and Disadvantages of City Life or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The city with its insane pursuit for money and pleasures. It doesn’t accommodate the best environment for everyone; considering the development of the young. Some of the young residents fall into bad crowds, in a busy environment it’s easier to be introduced to smoking, drinking, gambling, drug taking etc. These conditions of a city life can pose a great threat to social harmony and advancements. A society that’s filled with crime and violence can make it difficult for some to grow and be successful. In the city it’s easier to be surrounded by all these corruptions than in the mild and calm country life.

The Shawshank Redemption Short Story Comparison Of The Film Essay Example For Students

The Shawshank Redemption Short Story Comparison Of The Film Essay The Shawshank Redemption by Stephen King is both a wonderful film and a brilliantly written short story. There are many themes represented in each form of The Shawshank Redemption. The one major theme that interests me in both the film and the story is freedom. Freedom serves a large purpose for both the storys writer and the filmmaker. Both use similar examples to signify freedom, not only in the jail, but also in a larger context about life. There are many events and examples in both the film and the short story that signifies the theme of freedom. The one main difference is when the film uses the director’s technique to portray a feel of freedom for the inmates. The overall three issues used in this essay are all linked to the feeling of the inmates feeling the sense of freedom with the prison walls. We will write a custom essay on The Shawshank Redemption Short Story Comparison Of The Film specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now In both the film and the short story, which involves freedom is when Andy Dufresne approaches the narrator, Red. Andy asks Red, I wonder if you could get me a rock-hammer.(28) Andys reason for wanting a rock-hammer is because he was a rockhound. At least I was a rockhound. In my old life.(29) Andy states that he would like to be a rockhound again on a limited basis because it gives him the feeling of freedom. This example serves the purposes of both the storys writer and the filmmaker. The act of Andy Dufresne being able to go on Sunday expeditions(29) at Shawshank shows the reader and/or viewer that it will make him feel free, like when he collected rocks in his old life (life before prison). On a larger level, this event could be interpreted as a lesson to not give up your freedom. Even though something bad happens to you, you should not become secluded and be depressed all of the time. Andy shows the reader that you must get busy living or get busy dying(movie) or you will loose y our inner freedom. The other theme of freedom comes in both the film and the story, when Andy Dufresne got beer for all of the crew that tarred the prisons roof. In this example, even Red stated that the break lasted twenty minutes, the beer-break, and for those twenty minutes we felt like free men.(48) Red recalls that the crew felt such freedom that they could have been drinking beer and tarring the roof of one of our own houses.(48) This example serves the purposes of both the storys writer and the filmmaker because it shows the reader and/or viewer that this event happened because Andy wanted himself and his co-workers to feel freedom. This event occurred because he made business dealings with the hardest screw that ever walked a turn at the Shawshank State Prison (48). Andy was always known to have something different to him, a sense of his own worth, maybe, or a feeling that he would be the winner in the end or maybe it was only a sense of freedom(48) which Andy could even man age to possess inside the prison. Andy always carried an inner light(48) inside of him, an inner light that burned for the dream of freedom. Andy got the beer for all his crew because he wanted the crew to have a sense of freedom also. The director’s technique that is used in the film but did not occur in theshort story was when Andy Dufresne got access of the prisons loudspeaker and played a brief amount of classical music. In the short amount of time the music played, silence overcame the prison. Red stated that even though the music had not lasted long, every con in the prison felt free, even if it was just for a moment. This example serves the purposes of both the storys writer and the filmmaker because it shows the reader/viewer that the music gave the cons in the prison a sense of freedom, even if it was just for a fleeting moment. In conclusion, I believe that one major theme that is of great importance throughout both the film and the short story is freedom. Freedom s erves a large purpose for both the story’s writer and the filmmaker. Even though the majority of the examples are the same in both forms, the example that is different still holds a similar interpretation and lesson about not only prison but also the larger context of life. The director’s technique to portray the same theme was a good idea for the film, proving to the viewer the theme of freedom still is maintained in the film. .ud31227c12e920bcef8b06d11ec11f473 , .ud31227c12e920bcef8b06d11ec11f473 .postImageUrl , .ud31227c12e920bcef8b06d11ec11f473 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud31227c12e920bcef8b06d11ec11f473 , .ud31227c12e920bcef8b06d11ec11f473:hover , .ud31227c12e920bcef8b06d11ec11f473:visited , .ud31227c12e920bcef8b06d11ec11f473:active { border:0!important; } .ud31227c12e920bcef8b06d11ec11f473 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud31227c12e920bcef8b06d11ec11f473 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud31227c12e920bcef8b06d11ec11f473:active , .ud31227c12e920bcef8b06d11ec11f473:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud31227c12e920bcef8b06d11ec11f473 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud31227c12e920bcef8b06d11ec11f473 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud31227c12e920bcef8b06d11ec11f473 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud31227c12e920bcef8b06d11ec11f473 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud31227c12e920bcef8b06d11ec11f473:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud31227c12e920bcef8b06d11ec11f473 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud31227c12e920bcef8b06d11ec11f473 .ud31227c12e920bcef8b06d11ec11f473-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud31227c12e920bcef8b06d11ec11f473:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: A Modest Proposal: A Different Version EssayBibliographyBOOK â€Å"The Shawshank Redemption†Stephan King, The Shawshank RedemptionUnited States, The Ballantine Publishing Group, 1982MOVIE â€Å"The Shawshank Redemption†Director: Frank Darabont, Screenplay: Based on The Shawshank Redemption by Stephen King, Released by Columbia Pictures, Date Released: 9/23/94 (limited), Running Length: 2:22Films and Cinema

Amerigo Vespucci, Italian Explorer and Cartographer

Amerigo Vespucci, Italian Explorer and Cartographer Amerigo Vespucci (March 9, 1454–February 22, 1512) was an Italian explorer and cartographer. In the early 16th century, he showed that the New World was not part of Asia but was, in fact, its own distinct area. The Americas take their name from the Latin form of Amerigo. Fast Facts: Amerigo Vespucci Known For: Vespuccis expeditions led him to the realization that the New World was distinct from Asia; the Americas were named after him.Born: March 9, 1454 in Florence, ItalyParents: Ser Nastagio Vespucci and Lisabetta MiniDied: February 22, 1512 in Seville, SpainSpouse: Maria Cerezo Early Life Amerigo Vespucci was born on March 9, 1454, to a prominent family in Florence, Italy. As a young man, he read widely and collected books and maps. He eventually began working for local bankers and was sent to Spain in 1492 to look after his employers business interests. While he was in Spain, Vespucci had the chance to meet Christopher Columbus, who had just returned from his voyage to America; the meeting increased Vespuccis interest in taking a journey across the Atlantic. He soon began working on ships, and he went on his first expedition in 1497. The Spanish ships passed through the West Indies, reached South America, and returned to Spain the following year. In 1499, Vespucci went on his second voyage, this time as an official navigator. The expedition reached the mouth of the Amazon River and explored the coast of South America. Vespucci was able to calculate how far west he had traveled by observing the conjunction of Mars and the Moon. The New World On his third voyage in 1501, Vespucci sailed under the Portuguese flag. After leaving Lisbon, it took Vespucci 64 days to cross the Atlantic Ocean due to light winds. His ships followed the South American coast to within 400 miles of the southern tip, Tierra del Fuego. Along the way, the Portuguese sailors in charge of the voyage asked Vespucci to take over as commander. While he was on this expedition, Vespucci wrote two letters to a friend in Europe. He described his travels and was the first to identify the New World of North and South America as a separate landmass from Asia. (Christopher Columbus mistakenly believed he had reached Asia.) In one letter, dated March (or April) 1503, Vespucci described the diversity of life on the new continent: We knew that land to be a continent, and not an island, from its long beaches extending without trending round, the infinite number of inhabitants, the numerous tribes and peoples, the numerous kinds of wild animals unknown in our country, and many others never seen before by us, touching which it would take long to make reference. In his writings, Vespucci also described the culture of the indigenous people, focusing on their diet, religion, and- what made these letters very popular- their sexual, marriage, and childbirth practices. The letters were published in many languages and were distributed across Europe (they sold much better than Columbuss own diaries). Vespuccis descriptions of the natives were vivid and frank: They are people gentle and tractable, and all of both sexes go naked, not covering any part of their bodies, just as they came from their mothers’ wombs, and so they go until their deaths...They are of a free and good-looking expression of countenance, which they themselves destroy by boring the nostrils and lips, the nose and ears...They stop up these perforations with blue stones, bits of marble, of crystal, or very fine alabaster, also with very white bones and other things. Vespucci also described the richness of the land, and hinted that the region could be easily exploited for its valuable raw materials, including gold and pearls: The land is very fertile, abounding in many hills and valleys, and in large rivers, and is irrigated by very refreshing springs. It is covered with extensive and dense forests...No kind of metal has been found except gold, in which the country abounds, though we have brought none back in this our first navigation. The natives, however, assured us that there was an immense quantity of gold underground, and nothing was to be had from them for a price. Pearls abound, as I wrote to you. Scholars are not certain whether or not Vespucci participated in a fourth voyage to the Americas in 1503. If he did, there is little record of it, and we can assume the expedition was not very successful. Nevertheless, Vespucci did assist in the planning of other voyages to the New World. European colonization of this region accelerated in the years after Vespuccis voyages, resulting in settlements in Mexico, the West Indies, and South America. The Italian explorers work played an important role in helping colonizers navigate the territory. Death Vespucci was named pilot-major of Spain in 1508. He was proud of this accomplishment, writing that I was more skillful than all the shipmates of the whole world. Vespucci contracted malaria and died in Spain in 1512 at the age of 57. Legacy The German clergyman-scholar Martin Waldseemà ¼ller liked to make up names. He even created his own last name by combining the words for wood, lake, and mill. Waldseemà ¼ller was working on a contemporary world map in 1507, based on the Greek geography of Ptolemy, and he had read of Vespuccis travels and knew that the New World was indeed two continents. In honor of Vespuccis discovery of this portion of the world, Waldseemà ¼ller printed a wood block map (called Carta Mariana) with the name America spread across the southern continent of the New World. Waldseemà ¼ller sold 1,000 copies of the map across Europe. Within a few years, Waldseemà ¼ller had changed his mind about the name for the New World- but it was too late. The name America had stuck. Gerardus Mercators world map of 1538 was the first to include North America and South America. Vespuccis legacy lives on through the continents named in his honor. Sources Fernndez-Armesto Felipe. Amerigo: the Man Who Gave His Name to America. Random House, 2008.Vespucci, Amerigo. â€Å"The Letters of Amerigo Vespucci.† Early Americas Digital Archive (EADA).

Definition and Examples of an Ad Hominem Fallacy

Definition and Examples of an Ad Hominem Fallacy Ad hominem is a logical  fallacy  that involves a personal attack: an argument based on the perceived failings of an adversary rather than on the merits of the case. In short, its when your rebuttal to an opponents position is an irrelevant attack on the opponent personally rather than the subject at hand, to discredit the position by discrediting its supporter. It translates as against the man. Using an ad hominem fallacy pulls the publics attention off the real issue and serves only as a distraction. In some contexts its unethical.  Its also called argumentum ad hominem, abusive ad hominem, poisoning the well, ad personam, and mudslinging. The attacks serve as red herrings to try to discredit or blunt the opponents argument or make the public ignore it- its not just a personal attack but one stated as a counterattack to the position.   Ad Hominem Arguments That Arent Fallacies Just as there can be negative attacks (or insults) against someone that arent ad hominem arguments, there can also be a valid ad hominem argument thats not a ​fallacy. This works to convince the opposition of a premise using information that the opposition already believes to be true, whether or not the person making the argument believes them as factual.      Also, if the point of criticism of the opponent is an ethical or moral violation for someone wholl be in a position to enforce moral standards (or claims to be ethical), the ad hominem might not be irrelevant to the point at hand. If there is a conflict of interest that is being hidden- such as personal gain that has clearly influenced a persons position- the ad hominem could be relevant. Gary Goshgarian and colleagues give this example of a conflict of interest in their book An Argument Rhetoric and Reader:   The organizer of a petition to build a state-supported recycling center may seem reasonably suspect if it is revealed that he owns the land on which the proposed recycling center would be built. While the property owner may be motivated by sincere environmental concerns, the direct relationship between his position and his personal life makes this fair game for a challenge (Gary Goshgarian, et al.,  Addison-Wesley, 2003). Types of Ad Hominem Arguments An abusive ad hominem fallacy is a direct attack on the person. For example, it occurs when the opponents appearance is brought up in the discussion. Youll see this a lot of times when men are discussing positions of female opponents. The persons clothes and hair and personal attractiveness are brought up during the discussion when they have nothing to do with the subject matter. Looks and clothes never come into the discussion, however, when the mens points of views come up for debate.   The scary thing, as T.E. Damer writes, is that most abusers apparently believe that such characteristics actually provide good reasons for ignoring or discrediting the arguments of those who have them (Attacking Faulty Reasoning. Wadsworth, 2001). The circumstantial  ad hominem fallacy happens when the opponents circumstances come into play, irrelevantly.   A  tu quoque  fallacy is when the opponent points out how the arguer doesnt follow his or her own advice.  Its also called an appeal to  hypocrisy, for that reason. An opponent might say, Well, thats the pot calling the kettle black.   Ad Hominem Examples Political campaigns, especially the tiresome negative attack ads, are full of fallacious ad hominem examples (as well as just negative attacks, without any positions stated).  Unfortunately, they work, otherwise, candidates wouldnt use them. In a study, scientists had people evaluate scientific claims paired with attacks. They found that attacks on positions based on ad hominem fallacies were just as effective as attacks based on evidence. Allegations of conflict of interest were just as effective as allegations of fraud. In political campaigns, ad hominem attacks are nothing new. Yvonne Raley, writing for Scientific American, noted that during the presidential campaign of 1800, John Adams was called a fool, a gross hypocrite and an unprincipled oppressor. His rival, Thomas Jefferson, on the other hand, was deemed an uncivilized atheist, anti-American, a tool for the godless French.†Ã‚   Examples of different types of ad hominem fallacies and arguments include: Abusive: During the 2016  presidential campaign, Donald Trump threw out one abusive ad hominem attack after another about Hillary Clinton, such as, Now you tell me she looks presidential, folks. I look presidential, as if clothing were the important issue at hand.  Circumstantial: Thats what youd expect someone like him/her to say or Thats, of course, the position a ___________ would have.Poisoning the well:  Take, for example, a movie reviewer who dislikes a Tom Cruise movie because of the actors religion and tries to impose negative bias in the audience members minds before they see the film. His religious affiliation is completely unrelated to his acting ability or whether the movie is entertaining.Relevant ad hominem arguments: It was relevant to attack  Jimmy Swaggart after he was found with a prostitute yet purported to be an advisor and leader on moral issues. But hes not alone as far as preaching morality and not behaving. Any congressman who purports family values an d commits adultery, is caught with pornography, or hires prostitutes- and especially those who lie about it- is legitimately open for character attacks.   Guilt by association: If a person expresses the same (or a similar) view as someone whos already viewed negatively, that person and the viewpoint will then be viewed negatively. Whether the viewpoint is valid doesnt matter; its tarnished because of the person whos viewed negatively.Ad feminam: Using female stereotypes to attack a viewpoint is an ad feminam fallacy, for example, calling someones viewpoint irrational because of pregnancy, menopause, or menstruation hormones.

Definition and Examples of an Ad Hominem Fallacy

Definition and Examples of an Ad Hominem Fallacy Ad hominem is a logical  fallacy  that involves a personal attack: an argument based on the perceived failings of an adversary rather than on the merits of the case. In short, its when your rebuttal to an opponents position is an irrelevant attack on the opponent personally rather than the subject at hand, to discredit the position by discrediting its supporter. It translates as against the man. Using an ad hominem fallacy pulls the publics attention off the real issue and serves only as a distraction. In some contexts its unethical.  Its also called argumentum ad hominem, abusive ad hominem, poisoning the well, ad personam, and mudslinging. The attacks serve as red herrings to try to discredit or blunt the opponents argument or make the public ignore it- its not just a personal attack but one stated as a counterattack to the position.   Ad Hominem Arguments That Arent Fallacies Just as there can be negative attacks (or insults) against someone that arent ad hominem arguments, there can also be a valid ad hominem argument thats not a ​fallacy. This works to convince the opposition of a premise using information that the opposition already believes to be true, whether or not the person making the argument believes them as factual.      Also, if the point of criticism of the opponent is an ethical or moral violation for someone wholl be in a position to enforce moral standards (or claims to be ethical), the ad hominem might not be irrelevant to the point at hand. If there is a conflict of interest that is being hidden- such as personal gain that has clearly influenced a persons position- the ad hominem could be relevant. Gary Goshgarian and colleagues give this example of a conflict of interest in their book An Argument Rhetoric and Reader:   The organizer of a petition to build a state-supported recycling center may seem reasonably suspect if it is revealed that he owns the land on which the proposed recycling center would be built. While the property owner may be motivated by sincere environmental concerns, the direct relationship between his position and his personal life makes this fair game for a challenge (Gary Goshgarian, et al.,  Addison-Wesley, 2003). Types of Ad Hominem Arguments An abusive ad hominem fallacy is a direct attack on the person. For example, it occurs when the opponents appearance is brought up in the discussion. Youll see this a lot of times when men are discussing positions of female opponents. The persons clothes and hair and personal attractiveness are brought up during the discussion when they have nothing to do with the subject matter. Looks and clothes never come into the discussion, however, when the mens points of views come up for debate.   The scary thing, as T.E. Damer writes, is that most abusers apparently believe that such characteristics actually provide good reasons for ignoring or discrediting the arguments of those who have them (Attacking Faulty Reasoning. Wadsworth, 2001). The circumstantial  ad hominem fallacy happens when the opponents circumstances come into play, irrelevantly.   A  tu quoque  fallacy is when the opponent points out how the arguer doesnt follow his or her own advice.  Its also called an appeal to  hypocrisy, for that reason. An opponent might say, Well, thats the pot calling the kettle black.   Ad Hominem Examples Political campaigns, especially the tiresome negative attack ads, are full of fallacious ad hominem examples (as well as just negative attacks, without any positions stated).  Unfortunately, they work, otherwise, candidates wouldnt use them. In a study, scientists had people evaluate scientific claims paired with attacks. They found that attacks on positions based on ad hominem fallacies were just as effective as attacks based on evidence. Allegations of conflict of interest were just as effective as allegations of fraud. In political campaigns, ad hominem attacks are nothing new. Yvonne Raley, writing for Scientific American, noted that during the presidential campaign of 1800, John Adams was called a fool, a gross hypocrite and an unprincipled oppressor. His rival, Thomas Jefferson, on the other hand, was deemed an uncivilized atheist, anti-American, a tool for the godless French.†Ã‚   Examples of different types of ad hominem fallacies and arguments include: Abusive: During the 2016  presidential campaign, Donald Trump threw out one abusive ad hominem attack after another about Hillary Clinton, such as, Now you tell me she looks presidential, folks. I look presidential, as if clothing were the important issue at hand.  Circumstantial: Thats what youd expect someone like him/her to say or Thats, of course, the position a ___________ would have.Poisoning the well:  Take, for example, a movie reviewer who dislikes a Tom Cruise movie because of the actors religion and tries to impose negative bias in the audience members minds before they see the film. His religious affiliation is completely unrelated to his acting ability or whether the movie is entertaining.Relevant ad hominem arguments: It was relevant to attack  Jimmy Swaggart after he was found with a prostitute yet purported to be an advisor and leader on moral issues. But hes not alone as far as preaching morality and not behaving. Any congressman who purports family values an d commits adultery, is caught with pornography, or hires prostitutes- and especially those who lie about it- is legitimately open for character attacks.   Guilt by association: If a person expresses the same (or a similar) view as someone whos already viewed negatively, that person and the viewpoint will then be viewed negatively. Whether the viewpoint is valid doesnt matter; its tarnished because of the person whos viewed negatively.Ad feminam: Using female stereotypes to attack a viewpoint is an ad feminam fallacy, for example, calling someones viewpoint irrational because of pregnancy, menopause, or menstruation hormones.